Foreshadowing, Mood, Mythical Parallels, and Narrative Elements in Drac

Foreshadowing, Mood, Mythical Parallels, and Narrative Elements in genus Dracula In the novel Dracula, by Bram Stoker, there is much evidence of foreshadowing and parallels to other myths. Dracula was not the first story featuring a vampire myth, nor was it the last. Some would even argue that it was not the best. However, it was the most original, using foreshadowing and mood to create direful imagery, mythical parallels to draw upon a source of credulity, and original narrative elements that make this story unique. Anyone who has ever seen one of the several adaptations of Dracula as a characterisation will know that it was intended to be a horror story. Stoker goes to great lengths in order to create an atmosphere of terror and villainy, while hinting at exciting things to come. Straight from the beginning of the book, foreshadowing is utilized to hint at horrifying future events. As Jonathan Harker was about to depart for Castle Dracula, an old dame accosted him and said, It is the eve of St. Georges Day. Do you not know that to-night when the clock strikes midnight, all the evil things in the world will have full sway? (Stoker, 4). However Harker leaves anyway, in spite of the warning. Thus the reader is fully aware that something awful is going to happen to him. This quote makes ones mind think of possible future events, thus creating imagery. Every author aspires to create good imagery, and Bram Stoker is particularly good at doing so. Another example of foreshadowing unfolds when Harker is being transported to Castle Dracula by the mysterious and tenebrific driver. Then, as we flew along, the driver leaned forward, and on each side the passengers, craning over the edg... ...are depicted in many instances in order to draw upon a source of superstition for added affirmation. Finally, original narrative elements are conceived in order to bring together a central theme of unity, which stresses the teamwork by which the protagonists defeated the vampires. Bram Stoker applies these elements to create an enriching, induce plot in the novel Dracula. Works Cited Birge, Barbara. Bram Stokers DRACULA The Quest for Female Potency in Transgressive Relationships. Psychological Perspectives. 1994. 22-36. Gutjahr, Paul. Stokers Dracula-Criticism and Interpretation. Explicator. put across 1993. 36-40. Holland, Tom. A Sure Fang. New Statesman. Feb. 19, 2001. 40-42. Keats, P. Stokers Dracula. Explicator. Fall 1991. 26-29. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Tom Doherty Associates New York, 1988.

Macbeth by William Shakespeare :: Papers

Macbeth by William Shakespeare Recently in class we have put down and studied one of Shakespeares most famous plays Macbeth. I found the language a bit difficult to understand and rather archaic but the themes as relevant as they were when the play was written and set. The play was an intriguing one. Whilst studying the play we were focusing on the main character whom the play was based upon and named after, Macbeth. Having entire the play, I felt a sense of pride and achievement that I have read a Shakespearean play. In this evaluation I gaze to consider the accuracy of Malcolms comment that Macbeth died a butcher Macbeth towards the end of the play appeared extremely cold and heartless yet at the beginning was a numbfish who did have technical qualities which is why it was such a tragedy that he turned evil. Macbeth is a very complex character and Shakespeare began by highlighting his good points, portraying him as a decent person thus making u s care what happens to him. Macbeth being hailed a hero,(in Act1Sc2) was a well-deserved title. He was a festal and gallant soldier, ironically fighting against traitorous behaviour to the king. We are told in gory detail that he unseamed one traitor by bust him apart with his sword from his navel to his mouth showing his military capability Described as Belonas bridegroom by Rosse, Macbeth was being compared with Mars, the Roman God of struggle a compliment by any standard. This reinforces the bravery and ability of Macbeth and showed that in the context of his times, Macbeth was a first class soldier and admired by many. In fact, to the bitter end Macbeth remains a brave character fighting against all odds when he himself has become the traitor. Another virtue of Macbeths is that he is held in high regard by the king. On several occasions, King Duncan praises Macbeth going as far as saying on one occasion, we love him extremely. King Duncan obv iously held a lot of trust in Macbeth even visiting his castle and

An examination of how Sherlock Holmes abilities and techniques, :: English Literature

An examination of how Sherlock Holmes abilities and techniques,allied to his personal characteristics, enable him to solve crimesThere are many reasons to explain why Sherlock Holmes is peerless of theworlds most famous fictional detectives. However, the main reason forthis is that not only are the stories complex, but the actualcharacter of Sherlock Holmes has extreme depth, with some sharpelements of his character only becoming apparent when he is in certainsituations. This is why Sherlock Holmes is one of the most, if not themost interesting fictional characters to study. star of Holmes most famous professional characteristics is his powerof observation. An example of this is where Holmes is examining a roomWhy, its a dummyit is fastened to a hook (The Speckled Band). Thisis a precise unlikely thing for a normal person to observe but not forSherlock HolmesHowever, Holmes powers of observation would be worth nothing withouthis excellent ratiocination and deduction abilities. An example of this isconnected to the quote above (from The Speckled Band). After Holmesdisc everywhereed that the bell pull (rope) was a dummy, and taking intoaccount only facts that may be considered, by lesser men,insignificant he solved the mystery of a womans death. It wouldcrawl down the rope.... sooner or later she must settle down victim (TheSpeckled Band).It is by Holmes use of reasoning and deduction that one of his mostfamous personal characteristics also fuck offs to light. This is hischaracteristic of making people somewhat him feel beneath him, in otherwords, Holmes has a high level of self-esteem. He astounds people withhis intelligence. He pretends that he does not mean to do this I donot wish to make a mystery (A Scandal in Bohemia). There is but onecase that I have come across in which Sherlock Holmes is outwitted bysomeone, and when he realises that he has been outwitted, he is amazedHolmes staggered back, white with chagrin and surprise (A Scandal inBohemia). H e is curiously amazed that it is a woman that hasoutwitted him. This has some, but only a slight, effect on hisbelittling characteristic He used to make merry over the clevernessof women, but I have not heard him do it of late (A Scandal inBohemia).Holmes has a great store of knowledge that he has acquired over manyyears at his disposal, and this helps him greatly in his cases myspecial knowledge of tobacco ashes enabled me to pronounce as anIndian cigar (The Boscombe Valley Mystery). This yet over again provesjust how intelligent Sherlock Holmes is.

Nowadays :: Business and Management Studies

NowadaysNowadays, analysing competition is crucial for managers in hunting lodge tounderstand the environment in which the commerce evolves, itscompetitors (their goals, plans etc) as well as implement strategiesand position their companies. They can use a wide variety oftechniques, each having its strengths and weaknesses. According toPrescott and Grant (1988), to select the allot techniques,managers have to know the different techniques available, how they arerelated to each other, the focus and scope of the area and theconstraints limiting the extent of analysis. To analyse competitionefficiently, they have to corporate trust some of the different techniquesavailable as they all have a peculiar(prenominal) aim. However, there arelimitations that managers have to take into consideration in order toprovide a clear and effective work.This essay outlines and evaluates the main weaknesses whenunderstanding the business environment. They vary by nature. They cancome from the interpr etation of the managers and from the modelsthemselves. However, they are in relation to each other, one flawleading to another one.When analysing competition, the starting point is to precisely definethe industry the firm belongs to and its boundaries. Managers mayfocus on the market of their company, narrowing their definition ofthe industry. They then forget or less consider other segments thatcan change quickly and have impact on the whole industry. According toZahra and Chaples( 1993) an effective definition of industryboundaries requires consideration of four interrelated issues domain(where does the industry begin and end), customer group (sector to beserved and their specific needs), customer functions (customer needand specific patterns) and critical technology (production, marketingand administrative system). Each point enables to define thecompetition more and more precisely. In rundown to these issues,managers have to take time into consideration. Reviewing theirbusiness definition, the shape of the industry and the market overthe time is crucial as industries change. Prahalad (1995) states thatmany industries are undergoing massive transformation. Deregulation, orbicular excess capacity, global competition, mergers and acquisitions,changing customer expectations, technological discontinuities arechanging industries, creating new industries and opening up new andlarge growth markets for existing businesses. For instance, chemiccompanies enter the pharmaceutical industry by making alliances withyoung biotechnology companies, not considered as a threat by thepharmaceutical companies. This change in the industry led thepharmaceutical companies to redefine the industry and its boundariesas well as their strategy.Managers need to be vigilant in identifying its competitors. A poor realisation leads to a wrong positioning and a possible long timeresponse to the different actions coming from those undetected rivals.This identification is dependent on the managers perceptions and how

The Impact of Classical Literature on Machiavellianism Essay -- Litera

In offering his own world view and knowledge to the Medici family, Machiavelli draws a considerable amount of his resources from classical figures and ideology. objet dart Machiavelli is writing for a prince, whose refinement would be to gain in territory, power, and control his philosophy ties simply into less vital victories in the lives of cat valium people. In this paper I will formulate the points where he differs and conforms from/to the classical ideology in the generalized context of a leader. He uses these in one of two ways, by agreeing with and reinforcing them, or by refuting them. While Machiavelli keeps the need for a leader to have independence, seriousness, loyalty, and intellect he rejects the necessity of generosity, mercy, and reality, in favor of the outward appearance of these virtues. While Machiavellis viewpoint differs from the common ideology of his time and of classical antiquity, he does not disagree with all of the virtues. One such virtue is in dependence. Machiavelli spends the beginning of his treatise discussing principalities and defending them. A wise and self-made leader, he says, should not use auxiliaries or mercenaries, as they will endlessly lack unity and their true loyalty is always uncertain. For auxiliary troops, their loyalty is always to a rival, whom may betray the leader at any time. Wise leaders also do not consider a victory with impertinent help to be a true victory. (The Prince, Chapter 13, pg.49) For mercenaries, their loyalty is to whoever can offer them the most. (The Prince, Chapter 12, pg.43) Machiavelli reinforces this key idea with two examples. The first is in the Old Testament when capital of Minnesota offered David his weapons and armor, which he rejected as he would be unable to fight well w... ...re the leaders that maintain a faade of honesty, while being full in deceiving rivals and enemies. He advises that a leader cannot and should not keep his word when it would harm him. H e goes on to say that men argon so nave and focused on the present that any skillful deceiver would have little difficulty finding people to deceive. (The Prince, Chapter 18, pg.61-62) Despite some of Machiavellis more(prenominal) provocative and shocking statements in The Prince, upon a close reading, his values are not very different from those of the classical period. Although he rejects the genuine need for generosity, mercy, and honesty in return for the appearance thereof he keeps the more significant remaining values the way they are. The changes that he makes in explaining his view of the world are based on his examination of humans as inherently corrupt and self-serving.

The Impact of Classical Literature on Machiavellianism Essay -- Litera

In offering his own world outlook and knowledge to the Medici family, Machiavelli draws a considerable amount of his resources from classical figures and ideology. While Machiavelli is opus for a prince, whose goal would be to gain in territory, power, and control his philosophy ties simply into less vital victories in the lives of common people. In this paper I will explain the points where he differs and conforms from/to the classical ideology in the generalized context of a leader. He uses these in one of two ways, by agreeing with and reinforcing them, or by refuting them. While Machiavelli keeps the need for a leader to have independence, seriousness, loyalty, and intellect he rejects the necessity of generosity, mercy, and honesty, in favor of the outward appearance of these virtues. While Machiavellis viewpoint differs from the common ideology of his time and of classical antiquity, he does not disagree with all of the virtues. One such virtue is independence. Machiav elli spends the beginning of his treatise discussing principalities and defending them. A wise and successful leader, he says, should not use auxiliaries or mercenaries, as they will always lack unity and their true loyalty is always uncertain. For auxiliary troops, their loyalty is always to a rival, whom may betray the leader at any time. Wise leaders also do not consider a victory with outside help to be a true victory. (The Prince, Chapter 13, pg.49) For mercenaries, their loyalty is to whoever can offer them the most. (The Prince, Chapter 12, pg.43) Machiavelli reinforces this key idea with two examples. The first is in the overaged Testament when Saul offered David his weapons and armor, which he rejected as he would be unable to fight well w... ...re the leaders that maintain a faade of honesty, charm being skillful in deceiving rivals and enemies. He advises that a leader cannot and should not keep his word when it would harm him. He goes on to say that men are so nave and focused on the present that any skillful deceiver would have little difficulty finding people to deceive. (The Prince, Chapter 18, pg.61-62) Despite slightly of Machiavellis more provocative and shocking statements in The Prince, upon a close reading, his values are not very different from those of the classical period. Although he rejects the authoritative need for generosity, mercy, and honesty in return for the appearance thereof he keeps the more significant remaining values the way they are. The changes that he makes in explaining his view of the world are based on his examination of humans as inherently corrupt and self-serving.

Motivation in the Classroom

One of the most difficult tasks an pedagogue faces is motivating students. What tho is it that makes a student want to learn? Why are several(prenominal) students easily motivated while other students must be coaxed to perform tasks that come along simple? A teacher has to ask these questions about each individual student in his or her class, and usually starts to search for the answers within the first a few(prenominal) days of meeting their students. It is distinguished for an educator to vex a working com/strategies-for-academic- achievement/definition of penury if they plan on implementing penuryal techniques in their classroom.According to Eric Jensen (2005), author of Teaching with the straits in Mind, motivation is, arousal and drive. Arousal suggests orientation towards a goal, and drive is caring enough to do something about achieving the goal (p. 102). Jensen suggests that some students exit be intrinsically motivated and require very little push to succeed. He similarly makes it clear that there are many students with which an educator will incur to work in rate to progress that intrinsic motivation. Ultimately, success in the classroom weed be formed in many different ways, but there are a few points that are utterly necessary.Setting high expectations for your students is essential. Making sure that you greet your students and cater to each individual kidskin is also pertinent. Also, identifying outside factors that may cause success or a lack of success will be very important. The autonomy that a teacher shows his or her students is extremely important to success within the classroom. A student should be able to feel like what they do or say is taken into invoice by the teacher. This does non mean that the teacher will change the way they do things, but they will take into account the feelings and opinions of their students.This adds to the students feelings of self worth. In an expression by Patricia Hardre (2003), A motivat ional model of rural students intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school, she surveyed students asking them to rate the importance of certain qualities. Questions like, My teachers provide me with choices and options, and My teachers accentuate to understand how I see things before they suggest to me how they would handle a particular situation, scored very highly and are viewed by the students as the most important aspect of a well rounded teacher (p.351).Providing a child with multiple ways to come to an answer will not only embolden the child, it will show them that you are interested in their success and apply high expectations for them. Allison Ryans article, The classroom social environment and changes in adolescents motivation and contest during middle school, basically promotes the same ideas. She states that, students perceptions of teacher support and the teacher as promoting interaction and mutual respect were related to positive changes in motivation a nd network (p.451).The perception of a student about his or her teacher is critical, and will play a major role in whether or not the child is successful. The expectations that an educator places on their students will in many ways shape the way the class will learn from the first day until the last. A heavy teacher is maven that will provide the students with discipline as well as compassion. He or she will be a leader, but not afraid to listen and understand the unavoidably of the students and of course adapt to those specific needs when applicable.These characteristics are very important, but what will ultimately lead to success is the teachers ability to motivate. We know how capable children are, and we know that their capabilities are almost endless. Often times what they are missing is leadership, direction, and someone telling them I believe in you. Isaac Friedman (2011) in his article, Teachers role-expectations Altruism, narcissism, patemalistic altruism, and benevolen t narcissism, explains that teachers must use what he calls benevolent narcissism in their classroom.Freidman explains benevolent narcissism as the capacity of an educator to have such high expectations of their students that they almost come off as cocky (p. 19). Having such a positive attitude will ultimately build a childs self worth and make them feel supported and believed in. This is also explained in Maslows hierarchy of needs. As Robert E. Slavin (2012) explains, Self toy with is critical to physical and psychological well-being (p. 288).However, a child can be quick to doubt themselves if they feel like they have no one who believes in them. When perceived self-efficacy is high, more ambitious challenges are pursued, and commitments to lofty goals are made. When self-efficacy is low, the child will see failure as the most likely expiry of whatever obstacle they may face. Lisa Legault (2006) in her study, Why do high school students lack motivation in the classroom, explai ns that perceived failure is the single superior barrier for a child to overcome if he or she hopes to be successful.She goes on to say that even students who do believe in their abilities sometimes have a difficult time believing that they will have the prowess to maintain the effort needed to complete an assignment or achieve in the classroom (p. 579). Furthermore, Johnmarshall Reeve (2003), author of the article Testing models of the experience of self-determination in intrinsic motivation and the conundrum of choice teaches that a child needs to feel a sense of unpressured willingness to engage in the activity (p. 380). This is completely relatable and understandable.Students are often faced with tasks that seem daunting to them, and without a support organization it would be very easy to see how a child could lose belief in his or her ability to face a challenge. That is why it is so important to put each student on the same playing field. In this way no student will feel infe rior, but you will still be able to make sure each student is also taught to his or her specific needs. Students know when they are treated differently. They can absolutely tell whether or not their teacher is playing favorites in the classroom.It is excruciatingly painful to observe a classroom where a teacher has made some students feel special and others have been made to feel incompetent. Those students who no longer feel they have a place within the classroom are the ones with their heads down, or talking constantly to their peers, or they may even stop showing up altogether. In an article by Kristen Elmore (2012), If we can succeed, I can in like manner Identity-based motivation and gender in the classroom, she negotiation about the rapid decline in success of males within the classroom as opposed to their female counterparts.She talks about identity-based motivation and explains that male students are being stigmatized by their teachers. The male students believe that they n eed to be strong, and are made to feel like they should not require as much motivation as their female classmates in coiffe to complete the same tasks (p. 181). This is an extremely unfortunate finding. By this point our educators should know that gender plays virtually no role in the intrinsic motivation of our students.Of course there may be plenty of young men and women that forefathert need to be pushed in order for them to succeed, but the majority of them do need that extra push. There is no place for gender solidus within our school systems. For an educator, one of the most important aspects of maintaining a thriving classroom is keeping your students engaged. When a student loses interest it becomes extremely difficult for them to be successful. In her article, Engagement and disaffection in the classroom Part of a larger motivational dynamic, Ellen Skinner (2008) talks about the difficulty many teachers have with motivating their students.One of the main problems is that teachers are still trying to lecture at students and expect them to retain vast amounts of facts, instead of having them search for the correct answers. She maintains that when you require your students to extend through material and put together the pertinent information themselves, they are much more likely to hold on to that information. She also claims that this higher train learning will give the student more confidence because they will believe that the teacher has faith in them to learn the material (p. 772).Likewise, Xiaoying Wu (2013), author of Enhancing motivation and engagement through collaborative discussion, explains how important collaboration is in the classroom. Students enjoy working in groups or as a class in order to come to certain conclusions (p. 624). Working with their peers will especially help those students who need an extra push to succeed. Students gain motivation by working with other students that can push them to do better. An wise(p) teacher kno ws that all students are motivated. He or she also knows that this motivation is not the same level for each student.The intentional teacher strives to keep high the drive of the already motivated student, and also strives to bring out the motivation of the student that needs coaxing in order to succeed. They do this by having lesson plans that help students make sense of the material, which allows the student to take pride in their own accomplishments. A teacher is directly responsible for the motivation of his or her students, and will in many ways shape the way those students approach tasks throughout the rest of their lives.

The disvantage and advantage of globalization

Globalization describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have suit integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. (Globalization, 2010). Nowadays, bittie line of work enterprise has to compete against multinational companies instance to face as globalization becomes an irreversible momentum. In whatsoever case, small barter have no pack to against the large companies because they focus on different scale until the small companies grow up.However, I combine that small transaction in IT industries cannot compete against multinational companies when small companies become threats to the lager ones. In this essay, I will explain why small business still make up today and compare their advantages to multinational companies in the sector of financial strengths and productivity advantages. Small business still exists now because they have unique(p) features, especially they focus on the lower market. It is no nee d for them to compete against the multinational companies Sometimes. Hey sever the specific communities. Such as they are willing to hap their small business in some small illegal and remote area where multinational firms do not pay attention to. Enclave, K. (2002) argued that small business have to overcome these rules Information technology (IT) powerless crowd out product development Initiatives It Is clearly that overcoming these sales abstract is difficult but not impossible. Small business has its own advantages because it can use convenient and easy solutions to common business problems.However, low price is the most popular strategy for small business to make lolly and attract customers attention. Small business spends less none on advanced Invention. Comparing Dell Company mentioned by Enclave (2002) that if they destiny to enlarge their popularity they have prepackaged solutions to meet unique buyers need. They set up specific system to solve these problems to keep In touch with their customers. As a result, they have to Invest more money to the stuff. In order to maintain their cost, they have to raise the selling price. That Is the major reason why small business can exist at present.But after small companies changes into large ones, multinational firms consider those companies as a threat, in order to hold their markets share, which will look at or knock down small business before they growth. transnational corporations have financial strength support them to enlarge their market share. As a result, it is relatively easy for them to meet the customers need and enhance their reputation. Large companies are willing to spend money on observations about what people really need and want to buy. They invest amount of money In advertising their products.For example, IBM personal computer business was acquired by Chinese famous personal computer inciter Leno, and hen, spend almost one million hired Chinese famous movie star Jingle Xx as their spokes women. Not only this, Leno community invest large deal of money to sponsor many activities on television and radio to enhance its popularity. As for small business, they will be asked for hand their customers need and have large fund to broaden kinds of products claimed by Enclave (2002). Preston (2010) cited Bob Evans 1 OFF than what you have. It seems hard for small business to follow multinational companies.Small business have tight budget and less popular than large firms, asking over large companies market stocks is difficult for it. Small companies can still exist because of the scale they were chosen. Sheldon small firms are held in CAB, they chose to serve the limited people instead of making less money because much more large companies in there. Small business avoid compete against large firms directly. Multinationals companies have high productivity benefit from their advanced technology. High technology helps those firms make high profits and also help themselves a lot . The productivity advantage of foreign-owned firms is usually en as reflecting multinationals technological advantage visavisa domestic firms. (Marksmen, 2002 cited by Grammar & Gerg, 2007). However, advanced technology plays vital role in processing high productivity. Consumers are more willing to pay more to buy those high prime(prenominal) productions, they believe this goods produced by large companies have quality assurance. Another example to support this argument is by Preston (2010) whose study compares the strategic IT companies in the world.He shows that IBM as a technology provider, grabbing consumer market by its innovation product named Smarter Planet. Some software companies in small scale sell some cheaper goods to make profit, but these products cannot pop off well in the long term. Consequently, people always spend a lot to repair them. Then, fewer people will purchase their products because of lacking of guarantee. It leads themselves face the big problem that bankruptcy or acquired by large firms. Grammar (2007) quotes Balk (2001) who stated that different roles in different kinds of economies play various roles for productivity growth.To conclude, Multinational reparations have financial strength support them to enlarge their market share. For instance, improving popularity through advertisement and getting high productivity because of their advanced technology. In some cases, small business has no need to fight against multinational companies as they are focus on different market. When small business growing up, they would be take into consideration by large companies because those firms will reduce their market share. Whether small business should compete against multinational ones or not depend on what market they focus on.

An Analysis on “American Gothic” by Grant Wood Essay

Without atmosphere a key fruiting is nothing. This is a quote by Dutch panther and Etcher. There have been several painters who focused on the atmosphere of the locations or spots that they chose to draw on their canvas. However, some of the painters founded themselves mysteriously involved into the environments of places that they visited. One of those painters is kibibyte timberland, who painted the American medieval. timberland made certain atmosphere the bases of his film and through his unique style of painting impressed everyone who liked good artwork. As a result, the painting stands amongst the likes of Mona Lisa and new(prenominal) highly famous paintings today.American Gothic by Grant WoodAmerican Gothic by Grant Wood is one of the close famous painting in the history of arts. The Art G completelyery of Chicago is the place where American Gothic was displayed for the very first sequence and it is the very gallery that still keeps the painting. In search of visitin g a fine piece of art, in person, I visited the Art Gallery of Chicago. There, a bulky with many a(prenominal) other paintings, American Gothic was also displayed for the visitors to see.Experiencing American Gothic through Computer VS in PersonWhen I visited the gallery 263 and finally looked at the American Gothic painting by myself, I in truthized the importance of seeing an artwork by ones own eyes instead of looking at at in on a computer or in books. The painting made that was oil painted on Beaver Board was 78 x 65.3 cm in size and there was the signature of Grant Wood on the lower right corner on the canvas along with the year 1930. Since I was there just to see and analyze the American Gothic, I stayed in front of the painting after other visitors moved towards other paintings.Masterpiece Turned Into Senseless ParodiesAs we all know there have been countless parodies of the American Gothic out there, some of which are painless parodies while many of them are totally abs urd attempts. After looking at the painting for several minutes I got a bit disquieting because I found the two characters (Painters sister and his dentist) a bit creepy. The sort the lady is looking at her father, whoseems to be a hardworking farmer, and way the farmer is looking at us holding a pitchfork in his hand is what gives the painting another meaning than just two individuals stand up in front of a farmhouse made using Carpet Gothic style. However, creating parody after parody by different people is what I catch out disrespectful to the legendary art such as this one. If you praise something, you should respect it and not make fun of it or use it is a source of imagination because I found everything in the American Gothic but humor.Existence of Conflict in Concern with the Expectations of Society Earlier we have discussed themes and roles of the artist that conflicted indoors the expectations of society. If we talk about whether or not the American Gothic had elemen ts that conflicted within the expectations of society, we would have to say yes. For the reason that not everyone sees a particular thing in the same way, various people perceive certain things in different manners. Same is the case with American Gothic as Lunday, in one of her most interesting articles said that Some perceived the work as a scathing parody of the middle westone outraged farm wife evening threatened to bite off Woods ear. (Lunday, 2012)The Fame and Acceptance Earned By the ArtworkThere is a complicit that American Gothic holds within the expectations of society. However, the measuring of praise this painting has received completely outweighs the negative remarks or reviews that it received. As Lunday mentions in the very article Honest and Creepy, Satire and Homage Grant Woods American Gothic Meanwhile, Gertrude Stein and other critics praised the painting as a cutting small-town satire, the visual equivalent of Sinclair Lewiss Main Street. Still others dictum t he painting as honoring the Midwest and its strong values. She furthermore said During the Great Depression, the masterpiece gave hope to a desperate nation, and it doed shape the notion of the Midwest as a land of hard work and honest values. Today, the painting is firmly embedded in our cultural vocabulary. (Lunday, 2012)Without Atmosphere a Painting Is zippoIt is apparent that Wood believed that the environment of a painting is the most important element of a painting. This particular painting proves this point as the painter chose his dentist and his sister as his subjects just because there was no other model available to pose for the painting in front of the wood farmhouse. Wood took help of his mother in making his paintings as she would agree to become the subject for many of Woods paintings. However, while Wood decided to paint the American Gothic, he realized that his mother wont be able to stand in the field for that long while he paints, so he chose his sister instead. Wood chose his dentist and his sister because he couldnt afford to lose the opportunity of painting the Carpenter Gothic style farmhouse that he came crosswise while visiting the small town of Eldon in his native Iowa. This reminds me of a quote by Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn, which seems completely fitting to what Grant Wood was all about Without atmosphere a painting is nothing. Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van RijnWoods imagination was wide-ranging. He foresaw the fame and acceptance that this particular painting will get by analyzing the environs around the wood farmhouse. When he saw the houses strange yet compelling arched window in the Carpenter Gothic style, the first thing that came to his mind was to find out what sort of people lived there. However, instead of knocking on the door, the painter decided to capture the farmhouse in paint and tease out the story for himself in effort to sort through the puzzle, piece by piece. (Lunday) I imagined American Gothic people with thei r faces stretched out long to go with this American Gothic house. Grant Wood.Final WordsAmerican Gothic doesnt fall in the category of Primitive art as the elements it holds are usually found in such paintings and artworks that are related to modernism. Though countless individuals made parodies of American Gothic but actually the real artwork cannot be copied or reproduced to give another painter fame and fortune. The idea of anchoring a painting on the environs of a farm field and a farmhouse was the creativity of Grand Wood which cannot be repeated again in the history of arts. However, if one bases his art practices around the quote Without atmosphere a painting is nothing.there would be minor chances that we might see another painting somewhat as good as American Gothic.

Product Life Cycle Theory

The reaping spiritedness bike possible action is used to comprehend and analyze various due date typifys of harvest-festivals and industries. Product innovation and diffusion influence long-term patterns of international get by. This term product living measure cycle was used for the offset time in 1965, by Theodore Levitt in an Harvard Business Re put one across article Exploit the Product Life Cycle. Anything that satisfies a consumers need is c in alled a product. It whitethorn be a appargonnt product (clothes, crockery, cars, house, gadgets) or an intangible service (banking, health c be, hotel service, airline service).Irrespective of the kind of product, all products introduced into the food trade undergo a common bread and merelyter cycle. To understand what this product life cycle theory is all about, let us abide a quick carriage at its definition. Product Life Cycle comment A product life cycle refers to the time period between the launch of a product into the market till it is in the end withdrawn. In a nut shell, product life cycle or PLC is an odyssey from new and innovative to old and outdated This cycle is split into four different academic degrees which encompass the products excursion from its entry to exit from the market. Product Life Cycle StagesThis cycle is based on the all familiar biological life cycle, wherein a seed is put (introduction stage), germinates (growth stage), sends out roots in the ground and shoots with branches and leaves against gravity, thereby maturing into an adult ( adulthood date stage). As the plant lives its life and nears old age, it shrivels up, shrinks and dies out ( refuse stage). Similarly, a product also has a life cycle of its own. A products entry or launching phase into the market corresponds to the introduction stage. As the product gains popularity and wins the trust of consumers it cast downs to grow.Further, with increasing gross sales, the product captures nice market constituent and gets stable in the market. This is called the maturity stage. However, after round time, the product gets overpowered by la runnel scientific raisements and entry of superior competitors in the market. presently the product becomes obsolete and needs to be withdrawn from the market. This is the decline phase. This was the crux of a product life cycle theory and the graph of a products life cycle looks like a bell-shaped curve. Let us delve more(prenominal) into this management theory. Introduction Stage After conducting thorough market research, the go with develops its product.Once the product is ready, a test market is carried out to check the viability of the product in the actual market, before it prat set foot into the mass market. Results of the test market atomic number 18 used to make correction if any and accordingly launched into the market with various promotional strategies. Since the product has just been introduced, growth observed is in truth slight, market size is small and marketing salute are steep (promotional cost, cost of setting up distri scarcelyion channels). Thus, introduction stage is an awareness creating stage and is not associated with profitsHowever, strict vigilance is required to ensure that the product enters the growth stage. Identifying hindering agents and nipping them off at the bud stage is authoritative for the products future. If corrections cannot be made or are impractical, the marketer withdraws the product from the market. Read more on types of market research. Growth Stage Once the canonic stage goes as per expected, the initial spark has been set, however, the fire has to be kindled by proper care. The marketer has managed to gain consumers attention and now works on increasing their products market voice.As output increases, economies of scale is seen and better prices come about, conducing to profits in this stage. The marketer maintains the quality and features of the product (white thorn add supererogatory features) and seek home run building. The aim here is to coax consumers to prefer and choose this product rather than those sold by competitors. As sales increase distribution channels are added and the product is marketed to a broader audience. Thus, rapid sales and profits are characteristics of this stage. Read more on marketing tools. Maturity StageThis stage views the most disputation as different companies struggle to maintain their respective market shares. The cliche survival of the fittest is applicable here. Companies are busy monitoring products value by the consumers and its sales generation. closely of the profits are made in this stage and research costs are minimum. Any research conducted will be confined to product enhancement and improvement al mavin. Since consumers are aware of the product, promotional and advertising costs will also be lower. In the midst of stiff competition, companies may even make out their prices in response to the tough times.The maturity stage is the stabilizing stage, wherein sales are high, but their pace is slow, however, brand loyalty develops imparting profits. Read more on marketing plans. Decline Stage After a period of stable growth, the revenue generated from sales of the product starts dipping due to market saturation, stiff competition and latest technological developments. The consumer loses interest in this product and begins to seek other options. This stage is characterized by shrinking market share, dwindling product popularity and plummeting profits. This stage is a very delicate stage and needs to be handled wisely.The type of response contributes to the future of the product. The company needs to take special efforts to raise the products popularity in the market once again, by either reducing cost of the product, tapping new markets or withdrawing the product. Read more on merchandise Services marketing Mix Marketing Tips It is important to note that, not all produ cts go through the entire life cycle. Just as how not all seeds sown germinate, not all products launched into the market succeed. Some flop at the introductory stage, while whatsoever fail to capture market share due to quick fizzling out.Moreover, some marketers quickly change strategies when the product r distributivelyes decline phase and by various promotional strategies regain the incapacitated glory, thereby achieving cyclic maturity phases. Application of product life cycle is important to marketers because via this analysis they can manage their product well and prevent it from incurring losses. A well-managed product life cycle leads to rise in profits and does not necessarily end. Product innovations, new marketing strategies,etc. keeps the product appealing to customers for a very long period of time.Hope this article on product life cycle theory was informative and helpful The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was certain by Raymond Vernon in resp onse to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin bewilder to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a products life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, takings gradually moves away from the point of origin.In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original rural area of invention. 1 A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and business of the personal computer with respect to the United States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-using products that (at least at first) cater to high-income groups. In the new product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US no export trade occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are developed and contradictory subscribe to (in developed countries) smashs the US now exports the product to other developed countries.In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The model demonstrates dynamic comparative advantage. The country that has the comparative advantage in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the developing countries. Contents hide 1 Product life-cycle o1. 1 Stage 1 Introduction o1. 2 Stage 2 Growth o1. 3 Stage 3 Maturity o1. 4 Stage 4 colour o1. 5 Stage 5 Decline 2 References editProduct life-cycle There are four stages in a products life cycle introduction ?growth ?maturity ?saturation ?decline The location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. editStage 1 Introduction New products are introduced to meet local (i. e. , national) needs, and new products are first exported to similar countries, countries with similar needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countri es, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E. g. , the IBM PCs were produced in the US and strewing quickly throughout the industrialized countries. ) editStage 2 GrowthA copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E. g. , the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US. ) The Period till the the Maturity Stage is known as the intensiveness Period. editStage 3 Maturity The sedulousness contracts and concentrates the lowest cost producer wins here. (E. g. , the umpteen clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations. ) editStage 4 Saturation This is a period of stability.The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no throw out possibility to increase it. this stage is characterised by Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain sta ble then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. editStage 5 Decline Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E. g. , PCs are a very poor example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries.A better example is textiles. ) Note that a particular incorruptible or perseverance (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i. e. , by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the host old country. ? trade theory holding that a company will begin by exporting its product and later undertake foreign straightaway investment as the product moves through its lifecycle ? As products mature, two location of sales and optimal producti on changes ?Affects the direction and flow of imports and exports ?Globalization and integration of the economy makes this theory less valid ?Trade implication ? ?Increased emphasis on technologys impact on product cost ? Explained international investment ?Limitations ?Most appropriate for technology-based products ?Some products not easily characterized by stages of maturity ? Most relevant to products produced through mass production Marketing > Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle A products life cycle (PLC) can be divided into several stages characterized by the revenue generated by the product.If a curve is drawn showing product revenue over time, it may take one of umteen different shapes, an example of which is shown below Product Life Cycle Curve The life cycle concept may moderate to a brand or to a category of product. Its duration may be as short as a few months for a hysteria item or a coke or more for product categories such as the gasoline-powered automobil e. Product development is the incubation stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the firm prepares to introduce the product. As the product girdes through its life cycle, changes in the marketing aggregate usually are equired in order to adjust to the evolving challenges and opportunities. Introduction Stage When the product is introduced, sales will be low until customers become aware of the product and its benefits. Some firms may announce their product before it is introduced, but such announcements also alert competitors and remove the element of surprise. Advertising costs typically are high during this stage in order to rapidly increase customer awareness of the product and to target the early adopters. During the introductory stage the firm is likely to incur additional costs associated with the initial distribution of the product.These higher costs coupled with a low sales volume usually make the introduction stage a period of negative profits. During the i ntroduction stage, the primary goal is to return a market and build primary demand for the product class. The following are some of the marketing mix implications of the introduction stage Product one or few products, relatively undifferentiated Price Generally high, assuming a play out pricing strategy for a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly.In some cases a penetration pricing strategy is used and introductory prices are set low to gain market share rapidly. Distribution Distribution is selective and scattered as the firm commences implementation of the distribution plan. Promotion Promotion is aimed at building brand awareness. Samples or trial incentives may be say toward early adopters. The introductory promotion also is intended to convince potential resellers to carry the product. Growth Stage The growth stage is a period of rapid revenue growth.Sales increase as more customers become aware of the product and its benefits and additional market segments are targeted. Once the product has been proven a victory and customers begin asking for it, sales will increase further as more retailers become interested in carrying it. The marketing team may expand the distribution at this point. When competitors enter the market, often during the later part of the growth stage, there may be price competition and/or increased promotional costs in order to convince consumers that the firms product is better than that of the competition.During the growth stage, the goal is to gain consumer preference and increase sales. The marketing mix may be modified as follows Product New product features and packaging options improvement of product quality. Price Maintained at a high level if demand is high, or reduced to capture additional customers. Distribution Distribution becomes more intensive. Trade discounts are minimal if resellers show a strong interest in the product. Promotion Incre ased advertising to build brand preference. Maturity Stage The maturity stage is the most profitable.While sales continue to increase into this stage, they do so at a slower pace. Because brand awareness is strong, advertising expenditures will be reduced. Competition may result in decreased market share and/or prices. The competing products may be very similar at this point, increasing the difficulty of differentiating the product. The firm places effort into encouraging competitors customers to switch, increasing usage per customer, and converting non-users into customers. Sales promotions may be offered to encourage retailers to give the product more shelf space over competing products.During the maturity stage, the primary goal is to maintain market share and come about the product life cycle. Marketing mix decisions may include Product Modifications are made and features are added in order to differentiate the product from competing products that may submit been introduced. Price Possible price reductions in response to competition while avoiding a price war. Distribution New distribution channels and incentives to resellers in order to avoid losing shelf space. Promotion Emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. Incentives to get competitors customers to switch.Decline Stage Eventually sales begin to decline as the market becomes saturated, the product becomes technologically obsolete, or customer tastes change. If the product has developed brand loyalty, the profitability may be maintained longer. Unit costs may increase with the declining production volumes and eventually no more profit can be made. During the decline phase, the firm generally has three options Maintain the product in hopes that competitors will exit. Reduce costs and find new uses for the product. Harvest it, reducing marketing support and coasting along until no more profit can be made. Discontinue the product when no more profit can be made or there is a succe ssor product. The marketing mix may be modified as follows Product The number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again. Price Prices may be lowered to liquidate inventory of discontinued products. Prices may be maintained for continued products serving a niche market. Distribution Distribution becomes more selective. Channels that no longer are profitable are phased out. Promotion Expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand foresee for continued products.Limitations of the Product Life Cycle Concept The term life cycle implies a well-defined life cycle as observed in living organisms, but products do not have such a predictable life and the specific life cycle curves followed by different products change substantially. Consequently, the life cycle concept is not well-suited for the forecasting of product sales. Furthermore, critics have argued that the product life cycle may become self-fulfilling. For example, if sales peak and then decline, managers may conclude that the product is in the decline phase and therefore cut the advertising budget, thus precipitating a further decline.Nonetheless, the product life cycle concept helps marketing managers to plan alternate marketing strategies to address the challenges that their products are likely to face. It also is useful for monitoring sales results over time and comparing them to those of products having a similar life cycle. Marketing > Product LifecycleThe Product Cycle and its Implications Let us begin by reviewing Vernons principal points regarding the technological and geographical transitions of industries. His product-cycle paradigm suggested that an industrys competitiveness will go through a predictable series of stages To begin with, U.S. -controlled enterprises generate new products and serve upes in response to the high per capita income and the relative availability of productive factors in the United States th ey introduce these products or processes abroad through exports when their export position is threatened they establish overseas subsidiaries to exploit what remains of their advantage they retain their oligopolistic advantage for a period of time, then lose it as the basis for the original lead is wholly eroded. (1971 66)While Vernons main objective was to explain the causes and consequences of foreign investment, the stages that he identified also implied that an industrys perspective on trade policyComment on Deardorff 2 will evolve. Industries can be expected to favor open markets when they are competitive and to favor protection when they are not. Deardorffs analysis is largely conformable with this cycle, but brings into closer consideration the role of developing countries exports in challenging the developed countries industries.While I am largely in agreement with the basic points brocaded by both Vernon and Deardorff, I would suggest two adjustments. The first is that a different policy headspring may be in order. To paraphrase, Deardorffs question seems to be, Will developed countries respond to increased competition from developing countries by erecting new barriers to trade? I would instead ask, How will the interests of declining industries in developed countries affect the pace and form of new trade liberalization? While I understand the usefulness of the simplifying assumption that the two countries in the model are initially engaged in free trade (ibid. 3), I think it is equally simple and more realistic to begin with the assumption that restrictions to trade already exist. It would be a great exaggeration to claim that the WTO rules are so watertight as to prevent countries from imposing any new restrictions on trade, but I would quarrel with the suggestion that we simply assume that increased import competition will lead the North to implement a tariff on imports (ibid. 9). The track render for both legislated protection 1 and safegu ards cases 2 suggests that protectionist industries have had little success in winning support from government.The clear trend of the past half century has been towards the reduction of tariffs and (more recently) the replacement or elimination of quotas. In an environment of declining tariff barriers, the best that most protectionist industries can hope for is to secure a pledge that their products be exempted from reductions. Even when one acknowledges the continuation of peak tariffs in some industries and the mischief that can be done with antidumping duties and other instruments of protection, the fact remains that markets are overmuch more open today than they were in decades past.Moreover, the rules are more comprehensive and enforceable under the WTO than they were under the GATT. The back up important departure is that the range of options is not limited to a dichotomous choice between free trade or protection. Beyond the almost trivial point that there are many degrees of openness, representing every step from zero barriers to confiscatory levels of protection, discrimination is an equally important consideration. Here the rules of the GATT and WTO have been permissive.Free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions are allowable exceptions to the general rule of worldwide most-favored-nation treatment ( bequeathd that they meet the requirements of GATT Article XXIV), and preferential trade programs such as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) are granted waivers. While each of these options provide for more liberal trade, and many extend special treatment to developing countries, they are widely seen as a second-best alternative to nondiscriminatory liberalization.For reasons that I research below, however, the increasing use of these discriminatory instruments can also be portrayed as a natural consequence of the product cycle. 1 Although there have been many efforts since the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 to enact bills imposing tari ffs or quotas on imports, no major bills have been enacted over a presidential veto. There have been several instances, however, in which presidents felt obliged to make concessions to protectionist demands in order to win congressional approval of some other market-opening initiative (especially new grants of negotiating effectiveness or the approval of a trade agreement).In other words, some of the rare steps backward have been price for making two steps forward. 2 Petitioners have succeeded in winning import protection in only 23 of the 70 cases considered in the quarter century since enactment of the current safeguards uprightness (section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974). Comment on Deardorff 3 Implications of the Product Cycle for Trade Policy The product-cycle model could be used to explain any one of three approaches to trade policy.Depending on how one views the interests of firms and the responses of government, the cycle could be predicted to encourage more open markets, m ore protection, or more discrimination. Under the benign view that seems implicit in Vernons analysis, the product cycle can be portrayed as a progressive mechanism. A country with an efficient process of creative destruction could theoretically sustain a permanent free-trade orientation, with few or no exceptions for specific industries.Vernons views were similar to those of Schumpeter (1936), who believed that a combination of entrepreneurial innovation and periodic depressions provided just such an engine of progress. A real free-trading country would regularly produce a new crop of innovators, while firms that lost their competitiveness would either find new lines of work or be swept away when the business cycle swung downward. The survivors favor open markets. This Darwinian optimism is challenged, however, if firms and workers in a declining industry refuse to go quietly into that good night.A more pessimistic interpretation is that old firms and their workers do not always co nveniently melt down or get reabsorbed into the economy, but instead seek ways to keep alive even after they pass their prime. Deardorffs analysis falls into this second category. He concludes that factor owners in the developed country will respond to a competitive challenge by demanding and receiving protection. I offer yet a third alternative, in which the product cycle encourages the reduction of trade barriers but does so in an increasingly discriminatory fashion.My adaptation of Vernons model, which is illustrated in catch 1, departs from the original in two ways. First, I believe that a wider range of stages should be represented in the model. Second, I more explicitly state what the trade (in addition to the investment) preferences of an industry will be as it passes through these stages. My adaptation recognizes that the policy options available to industries and countries are not limited to opening or finale the market, but also allow for discriminatory initiatives that better lend themselves to manipulation on behalf of specific firms or trading partners.The stages might respectively be termed pre-competitive, semi-competitive, competitive, and post-competitive. The distinctions between industries in stages 2, 3, and 4A are particularly important. Each one of these stages is pro-trade, but they favor different emphases in both the objectives and form of trade agreements. Only the Stage 3A industry is the pure free-trader. Industries in stages 2, 3B, and 4A each take a more qualified approach to open markets, and may be reluctant to support universal liberalization.An industrys most critical choice comes in the fourth stage, when it must choose between retreat into the domestic market or relocation of its production offshore. The initial decision to invest overseas might have been made in an earlier stage, prompted by such diverse objectives as gaining or maintaining plan of attack to a large and protected foreign market, taking advantage of lowe r wage rates and less restrictive regulatory environments, or reducing expatriate costs. When an industrys competitiveness declines, however, it could decide to shift most or all of its production offshore.Those firms that become multinational producers (Stage 4A) acquire interests and preferences very different from those that do not (Stage 4B). A multinational producer will be much more favorably disposed towards open markets than a mature domestic industry, but will not inevitably be a paragon of free-trade purism. These producers may perceive a strong incentive to support discriminatory options, especially if they progress to sanctuary markets at home or abroad. Home About Privacy Reprints Terms of UseCopyright 2002-2010 NetMBA. com. All rights reserved. This web site is operated by the Internet Center for focussing and Business Administration, Inc. Search NetMBA Site Information Home About Privacy Reprints Terms of Use Marketing Accounting Economics Finance Management M arketing Operations Statistics Strategy ? ?In recent years an extensive theoretical literature has been offered examining the implications of the product cycle (PC) model of trade (Hirsch 1967 Vernon 1966). 1) Emphasizing knowledge transfers, Krugman (1979) constructed a general equilibrium model consisting of an innovating North country and an imitating southeastward country. (2) A key implication of the PC is that the North must continually innovate in the face of the southwesterlys ability to eventually imitate each new product. The flying-geese (FG) theory (inter alia, Akamatsu, 1935 Kojima, 2000, 2003 Ozawa, 1993, 2001, 2005) elaborates on the mature stage of the PC by examining conditions under which an initially imitating South country itself looses the comparative advantage in producing the mature product due to rising labor costs.The loss in comparative advantage results in the further and sequential transfer of production to less developed other South countries and the a ccompanying recycling of the Norths import market among themselves, a phenomenon that can be called market or comparative advantage recycling (Ozawa, 1993 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1995). ?This article specifically examines one particular mature PC import, TV sets, in the U. S. arket and its ever-changing pattern of exporting economies from East Asiafirst, from Japan and then from the Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea), from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations-4 (ASEAN-4) (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), and more recently, from China. ?True, technological progress continues in the TV set industry (e. g. , digitalization, flat-panel sets, and high definition TV HDTV), but set manufacturing has practically disappeared in the United States (Chandler, 2001).Incremental innovations are now universe introduced mostly in the South/follower countries themselves, especially in Japan and South Korea. East Asia has emerged as the worlds largest concentration of consumer electronics production. (3) In this sense, TV sets are sure enough a mature product for the United States (too mature to be retained). In short, our study examines the phenomenon of PC-based imports and market recycling as witnessed in the United States and explores policy implications for both North and South countries in the age of globalization. There have been several tests for the existence of the PC. Tsurumi and Tsurumi (1980) found support for the PC by find out that the U. S. price snap bean of demand for color TV sets increased over time as U. S. consumers chose between domestic- and Japanese-produced color TV sets. Audretsch (1987) also found support by determining that growth industries tend to be more R D oriented while mature industries allocate fewer resources to this activity.Cantwell (1995) concluded that over time the share of patents of multinational corporations located abroad increased for most countries from 1920 to 1990, which supported the internationalization of investment by technological leaders. Gagnon and Rose (1995) found that a trade overindulgence (deficit) of a commodity is likely to persist over a long period of time, a trend that is counter to the PC and more consistent with factor proportions theory (which closely parallels the FG theory). ?Econometric tests for the FG theory have been limited.Dowling and Cheang (2000) found support for the FG theory by utilizing both Balassas revealed comparative advantage index and foreign direct investment (FDI) ratios for East Asian countries. victimisation Spearman rank correlation coefficients and examining three periods (1970-95, 1970-85, and 1985-95), they found that economic development trickled down from Japan to the NIEs and then to ASEAN-4. Cutler et al. (2003) analyzed labor-intensive trade data from Japan, the NIEs, the ASEAN-4, and China to the United States and found support for the FG th eory (market recycling). In this article, we are interested in testing for the dynamics of the combined PC-FG framework. Using annual data from 1961 to 2002 for TV sets, we use cointegration techniques to estimate a system of multiple cointegrated vectors representing the sequential transfer of the U. S. TV import market from Japan to the NIEs, to the ASEAN-4, and finally to China. We develop a methodology of interpreting both the cointegrating vectors and the speeds of adjustment as a technique to test for the recycling of the U. S. import market among the East Asian economies.We argue that our analysis has implications for the emerging HDTV and flat-panel TV sets markets as well as patterns of behavior in lower developed South countries such as China, Vietnam, and India as these countries are actively pursuing inward FDI in higher value-added industries. ?Section II presents the theoretical framework, and section III provides the data and background randomness about the regions T V set manufacturing. Section IV discusses the empirical techniques and results of the analysis. Section V touches on policy implications and offers conclusions. ?II.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ?Electronics is an R & D-based industry where new products and processes are constantly innovated and competitiveness shifts from one product to another sequentially, an industry that is characterized by short PCs. The Schumpeterian concept of creative destruction aptly applies to innovators home markets. A closely pace of technological standardization and maturity for a given new product leads to an equally swift outward shift of production from the innovators (North) country to overseas, as conceptualized in the PC theory of trade and investment.In the early developmental phase of electronics, the United States was the dominant source of innovations, as seen in the original PC theory (Hirsch, 1967 Vernon, 1966), but other countries in Europe and East Asia also soon emerged as active innovators, as presented in the revised version (Vernon, 1979). Nonetheless, the United States subdued continues to play the major roles of both technology and market providers to East Asian economies.Yet, as described in the original PC theory, conventional TV sets and many other mature electronic products have followed the typical pattern of a sequence from U. S. domestic production to exports, to overseas production, and to imports. (4) These imports come mostly from East Asia. ?What is equally interesting is that once an electronic product becomes a mature commodity, whose competitiveness is basically determined by labor costs, its production shifts from one South country to another in the persistent search of lower cost labor.This development is facilitated especially when lower echelon South countries liberalize their trade and investment regimes so as to attract production from higher developed South countries. Such a successive transmigration of production of a standardized product there fore exhibits a changing pattern of production over time within the South countries, while the United States remains the major import market.This phenomenon of production transmigration down the intraregional hierarchy of South countries differentiated in terms of the stages of economic development and the levels of technological sophistication is captured in the FG model. ?Viewed in the above light, the PC theory and the FG model complement each other, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. A new product is innovated first in a high-income (high-wage) country like the United States and initially manufacture and exported from the innovators home country (i. e. , the introduction and growth stages, from ?

History of Alcohol

intoxicant Past, Present, and Future Karl Ball(a)enger Mrs. Hines Communication Arts 200 period 7 February 20, 2007 The beginning of Alcohol While no one knows when alcohol was first use as a beverage (or even created) we do know that it has been used for over ten thousand years. Archeologists to this day are discovering old beer mug containers from the B. C period. Some other archeologist and a few scientists believe it was created in an experimental accident. Like intimately failed experiments alcohol was soon to be one of the most popular take ups in America.Not only was it going to impact America it impact the whole world. Everyone would you alcohol in m either different ways medicinal purposes, in South America and in the Middle East. They would use it for celebrations any typewrite of celebration and it would be used in sacrifices or offering rituals too. As alcohol caught on the great unwashed realized what a problem it could be. Everyday mass would use alcohol as an eve ryday beverage not knowing what the affect could be or do it wasnt long until everyone was catching on to the harmful effects of the alcohol.Soon after Americans and people all over the world soon were able to guard alcohol not before alcohol had gone through prohibition and much other banishment in countries and cultures. Alcohol is considered a drug though few people may not train we all that once you had too much alcohol youre not yourself. Although Americans were no always seizeting to the point where they were unconscious and becoming drunk, there was a lot tolerance for the type of people who would drink alcohol everyday they just knew how to take in their selves.Alcohol in Early America Alcohol in early America was highly accepted, everyone would hasten their fair share of drinks. Alcohol can be easily found in the old days because it was so sluttish to make, before bars there were pubs and before that people would just drink in their own homes instead of going out t o drink. It was so easy to make because alcohol back then would mostly be wine, wine was the typical form of alcohol to be found because it is do up fruits, any kind of fruits but if you complimentsed stronger tastier wine you would specific types of fruits.The most commonly type of fruit that people would use are grapes, after you pick them you would puppy love them then add in some sugar and water basically and then some yeast. Then allow for fermentation to proceed. As time goes by you would have yourself some tasty drinkable wine. And from their you would end up having your some liquors and eventually beer. It wasnt long until alcohol played a big position in American history which begun in the 1920s, which was when alcohol became prohibited for a time.Americans have always drunk alcohol especially beer liquor in the 1900s, they would drink daily since the availability and purity of water supplies and other drinkable liquids were uncertain (Clayton Rivers 94). Drinking was used as a social activity everyone would feel a little more comfortable than usually with a little wine or beer in their system it would be breaking the social barrier at gathering for the shy people so that they can interact more.At the same time there has always been a passionate opposition towards alcohol many people would think it is evil and created by the devil because of the nasty effects and the illnesss that it caused. It would even ruin people financially in some cases because of the colony people would have with it, it was typical to see people in saloons night and day(Karen F Balken04) for weeks just drinking or trying to get the bartender to give them a free drink.So there would be a huge conflict between the alcoholic supporters wets and the non supporters drys (Adam Wong03) has existed throughout American history, since the 20th century. It wasnt until 1919 when the dry movement (Adam Wong03) achieved its greatest victory by banding alcohol nationwide. In 1919 a vol ume of states ratified the eighteen amendment to the constitution, which states by and by one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within the importation thereof into, or the exportation hereof from the U. S and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is here by prohibited (Adam Wong03). This banishment, called Prohibition, went into effect in 1920 it was accompanied by the Volstead Act (Clayton rivers94), congressional polity that provided specific rules for enforcing the ban. So for the next 13 years prohibition remained in place, President Calvin Coolidge called it the greatest social experiment of modern-day times (President Calvin Coolidge). Prohibition in the 1920sAlthough Prohibition continued until 1933 it remains most closely associated with the 1920. in the 1920s it was a colorful period in history (Adam Wong03) bracketed on both ends by tragedy and misfortune. At the start of the twenties, America was just recovering from the devastation and deprivation of World War 1. At the decades end the personal credit line market crashed of 1929 which then fell into the great depression and years of hardship. Then in between the 1920s it was a time of unusual prosperity, the economy seemed to be on an endless climb.That no one can believe, it was a type of miracle people had enough money to buy amazing new devices standardised radios, refrigerators and backwash machines. Even the poorest family of the towns and states were able to afford a gondola car, it was also an era of significant social deviate and great fun, it was so fun that it was nicknamed the roaring twenties and the fare Age (Adam Wong03). Everyone was relived and could relax after all the harsh full events that America had went through that now they were able to kick back and relax.People would listen to the radio leaping in the nightclubs and saw talkies (which are present day movies) everyone was just happy to have their freedom back. Although the 1920s was a fun-loving atmosphere the people would still have to sustain the ban of liquor. But finally the anti alcohol forces succeeded and they were able to get across the eighteenth amendment and the Volstead act. The advocates who wrote and backed these new laws assumed that a majority of Americans would go along with it. They thought that even though you didnt like the new law you would have to follow it because it was law of the land.But nonetheless law enduring citizens were still able to secretly drink liquor and beer by home brewing it. These illegal drinking parlors were called speakeasies (Adam Wong03). Criminal gangs and known thieves would smuggle the liquor and beer and they made a fortune each one of these speakeasies had their own little illegal organization by selling the illegal liquor. The law enforcement like nowadays would be corrupted by these small organizations with either money or liquor as a bribe and so there wasnt really a stop to these guys.Prohibition Gone the Right to Drink Prohibition affected millions of Americans but it even went into deeper meaning than just not being able to drink, it touched onto a fundamental issue in American life. The role of government in regulating private lives. Many Americans felt that a degree of national control is justified for the good of the majority (Adam Wong03). However others argued that the rights of each individual American citizen and states should not be limited by the federal official government.This particular group argued that the federal government had no right to mandate something as personal and as trivial compared with serious crimes as drinking habits. it was incredible to many people that the federal government, which had thoughtfully left their murders, lynchings, adulteries, discriminations, frauds, and other transgressions to the disciplines of their state legislatures, would ever take a primary and oppressiv e interest in what American citizens might want to drink (Historian Norman H.Clark). The conflict over liquor was a long hard-fought battle. But in the end everyone had their right to drink. Alcohol in modern days and future Present day alcohol is still considered somewhat of a menace to society, because alcohol by itself does no harm or terms to anyone, it is our actions and alcohol combined that make it a threat to anyone. In todays society there have been over millions of alcohol related accidents involving car accidents and suicides and homicides.Every time someone gets into a problem with the police they lodge the alcohol they had that it was to strong or they didnt know what it had in it either way they blame it on the alcohol. Although alcohol does have a affects on you and your body it disrupts your nervous system and disrupts your brain waves so that you dont have full control of your body. But you should already know that, you learn about alcohol your whole life on telev ision school your parents.Alcohol does not change people the people change their selves by drinking the alcohol, alcohol is a gateway drug which means that it leads to more drugs and more suffering to you and to the people who care about you. Alcohol should be thought up of in moderation like everything, everything and anything is bad for you in moderation so you must be able to control yourself when comes to things like alcohol and drugs alcohol is not as nearly serious as drug but it can lead up to either doing drugs or addiction.Alcohol addiction or an alcoholic is a person who must have some type of alcohol in their system their body wont choke well without the alcohol so they must drink every day. But there is special rehabilitation centers to help those kind of people who want to change their life and stop drinking. These places change peoples lives into a good path redirect them to a healthier long lasting life. One of the most important things that alcohol affects could be ones family, alcohol affects about 95 percent families in the United States.And especially affects the kids alcoholics lead to divorces in their family and can ruin sometimes childs lives and lead them down that same path. There has always so many domestic violence around in America because of alcoholics and what they do to their wives and their children. After they realize what they have done its almost always too late they lose their job their belongings and their families so they basically ruin their lives.Now in the future who knows how bad alcohol and peoples actions will be with all of these new types of drinks they are creating everyday people will just continue drinking without acquire any help and lives will be ruined the percentage of alcohol related deaths will probably increase , there is no telling on how bad alcohol will go. Bibliography http//www. drugrehab. net/the-history-of-alcohol-in-america/ http//www2. potsdam. edu/hansondj/Controversies/1114796842. html Alcoho l Abuse Clayton Rivers Prohibition Banning Alcohol Adam Wong

Significant Health Care Event

There have been several events that have helped to change and mold healthyness cargon throughout history in the united States. Some influences that have are significant to benefit Americans and stay on track with the needs of Americans involve society, culture, finance, religion, politics, technology, health trends, environment, and population (Shi & Singh, 2012) Significant Events Relation to Health Care In the year 2011 there were many reports in the media regarding bisphenol A (BPA).BPA is a hormone-disrupting chemical linked to adverse health effects like cancer, infertility, diabetes, obesity and ADHD (Newbold, 2009) A large amount of BPA has been removed from water bottles as well as baby bottles. However, the epoxy resin lining food cans was still a grave concern and widespread problem throughout the United States. A new study done during this time found BPA in several canned fruits, vegetables, and pasta treats consumed by many children.A Harvard study found that voluntee rs who consumed canned dope up daily for five days had a 1,000 percent increase in urinary BPA (Datz, 2011). BPA is found in many foods and drinks ingested by Americans every day. It has also been proven to be found in sealants and dentistry composites used by dentists. Many countries have banned BPA use in baby bottles, sippy cups, along with other products to begin with used by children. BPA has been used in the United States since the 1950s, and was approved as a food additive by the FDA at that time (Rust & Kissinger, 2009).Personal Accountability for a healthier lifestyle Another event that has become more common in the United States is personal responsibility of each American to kick the bucket a healthier life that leads to a decrease in health care costs in the long run. Access to effective health care is an substantial component to many people as well as an important social responsibility. Americans as a society can find many shipway to promote healthy environments and lifestyles. These ways include pollution control, occupational health, sanitation, preventative medical care and education, along with food and drug safety.Greater attention should be nonrecreational to strategies for health promotion other than access to healthcare, such as environmental and public health and health research (Resnick, 2007). The lifestyle of many Americans is the primary defecate of the majority of illnesses in the United States. The leading causes of disease have been proven to be contributing factors to disease and death in the United States. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of disability as well as death in the United States and are on the rise. 7 out of 10 deaths among Americans each year are from chronic diseases.Heart disease, cancer and stroke account for more than 50% of all told deaths each year (Kung, Hoyert, Xu, & Murphy, 2005). More than one-third of all adults do not meet recommendations for aerobic physical activity based on the 2008 Physica l Activity Guidelines for Americans, and 23% report no leisure-time physical activity at all in the preceding month, cigarette hummer is more prevalent in high school students as of 2007 with a reported percentage of 20%, and more than 43 million adults are cigarette smokers in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, and cigarette smoking causes almost all cases. Compared to nonsmokers, men who smoke are well-nigh 23 times more likely to develop lung cancer and women who smoke are about 13 times more likely. Smoking causes about 90% of lung cancer deaths in men and almost 80% in women. Smoking also causes cancer of the voice box (larynx), mouth and throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, cervix, and stomach, and causes acute myeloid leukemia (U. S.Department of Health and Human Services, 2004). Chronic conditions that are caused by poor lifestyle choices ultimately create a huge burden on health ca re spending in the United States. The cost of health care spending for chronic conditions has increased the United States from $75 billion in 1970, $2. 6 trillion in 2010, and is expected to reach $4. 8 trillion in 2021. 75% of these costs is because of unhealthy lifestyles that lead to chronic conditions (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2011).General practitioners and insurance companies must focus more on educational resources related to preventative medicine and care to ensure citizens lead healthier lifestyles that will lead to longevity of life. This can be a difficult task as physicians are taught to uphold a creed to take care of all people who are ill, and Americans as a society are obligated to care for vulnerable citizens. There are no quick fix solutions. However, I believe that education can assist many Americans to strive more to live a better and healthier lifestyle in order to reduce disease and death from one of the many preventable chronic conditions.

Clinical Psychology OCD treatment and approaches Essay

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has a cognitive-behavioral component that includes a contortion of an idiosyncratics environment. OCD has similar components to many solicitude disorders. Anxiety is a result of a disrupted and dysfunctional thought patterns. Anxiety produces adverse reactions impact the nervous system and an overload of stimulation. Research suggests a genetic predisposition and hormonal malfunction can contribute to an individuals paroxysm from OCD. The obsessions of OCD are impulses an individual cannot control.The individual affected by OCD feels the only relief from the compulsions is to complete the rites to relieve the trouble. The behavioral components associated with obsessive thoughts and impulses produce ritualistic utilizes. The emotional components from a psychodynamic situation have possible implications from early childhood with negative feelings associated with the relationships with his or her parents. Psychologists suggest the implici t in(p) condition later evolve into an OCD diagnosis (Hansell & Damour, 2008). There are four major entreees for the interference of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, family systems, and psychodynamic approaches are the four major therapy treatments. These approaches have different perceptions of methods for management. Each approach understands obsessive compulsive disorder as a disorder where an individual exhibits undesirable repetitive and care producing behaviors and emotions followed by a compulsive behavior of repetitive rituals. The individuals affected by OCD believe the fretfulness will be reduced by performing the ritual (Hansell & Damour, 2008).Cognitive-behavioral theory establishes the negative behaviors associated to an individuals environment with positive or negative reinforcements and consequences for the actions. The individuals suffering from OCD respond and adjust to his or her behaviors associated with interaction receiv ed in his or her environment. Cognitive-behavioral theory with OCD associates the compulsive behavior of rituals that provide perceived relief from anxiety as produced by disturbing thoughts and impulses (Hansell & Damour, 2009). The approach facilitates a decrease and reduction in the anxiety as it associates with the reinforcement of the rituals.The cognitive behavioral approach niduses on changes in the way an individual responds to the stressor, changing the ritualistic response to the disturbing thoughts. The individual is asked to think about something disturbing to become anxious and not practice the plebeian ritualistic behavior as part of treatment (Cottraux, Yao, Lafont, Mollard, Bouvard, Sauteraud & Dartigues, 2001). The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is focused on the disruption of the ritualistic behavior and allows the individual to experience the anxiety without the ritual to develop coping skills and process the thoughts (Fisher & Wells, 2005).The process of obsessive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors is interrupted causing the behavior to discontinue negative reinforcement of the anxiety breaking the ritual patterns. Treating the individuals with strategies to deal with anxiety teaches self-efficacy when reaching the desired goals. The therapist should specialize in cognitive therapy for training and knowledge to assist the individual in treatment (Barlow, 2007). The focus of this approach is different from Humanistic approach and other approaches by teaching to interrupt the ritualistic behaviorThe Humanistic approach focuses on the existential assumptions that personalised agency and foreswear will are the idea of all individuals. The concepts to the theory are that individuals are basically good with innate desires to become rectify and demand the world better. The humanistic approach emphasizes the self-worth of individuals and his or her values are of good nature. This approach is positive and optimistic theorizing the sympat hy that humans desire to be free of pain and despair. Maslow theorized personal growth as a primal human motive and personal growth are lifelong.The Humanistic perspective was very best-selling(predicate) after World War I (Dombeck, 2006). This approach is less effective in treating OCD than other approaches. Humanism embraces the assumption of an individual is a cognitive awake being. The main principle of humanism argues other schools of therapy take hold the approach as the therapy and treatment of the noetic illness instead of the individuals actively participating in maintaining his or her emotional state (Plante, 2011). The goals of humanistic therapy for OCD is focused on recreating a positive and appropriate environment.The change in the individuals environment assists him or her in development for evolving into mature healthy individuals. Psychological dysfunction with OCD is caused by a disruption in the development of individuals maturity and social skills. The treatm ent enables the individuals to develop a natural environment and the abilities to live in a healthier environment and mental state. Humanistic therapy has the expectation of normalcy and that is the goal. This behavioral therapy encourages the substitute of bad behaviors with more appropriate ones.The positive replacement of problems assists with less anxiety and fear. Research has not proven the humanistic approach to an effective treatment for relieving the symptoms of OCD (Dombeck, 2006). unconnected the Family system approach that shows best results in treating OCD. Family systems approach consists of assistance from the therapist with the family in assessing the individuals disorder. The goal is to improve the talk of the whole. There are several techniques applied to accomplish this including for example changing the perceptions of the family.Developing a rapport with the family assists the therapist in understanding the reasons the individuals became OCD with insight to th e dynamics of the family unit. The therapist identifies the anxiety producing relationships between family members (Plante, 2011). Developing coping mechanisms to the symptoms of anxiety producing thoughts and ritualistic coping behavior is the main focus of treatment. The focus on reducing the symptoms of OCD of the individual includes comprehension and understanding of the anxiety and distress the individual experiences.Identifying the source of the anxiety producing stressors assists with establishing new avenues to relate to the family unit, interrupting the individuals obsessive-compulsive behaviors (Zohar & Insel, 1987). The therapist attempts communication repair to re-establish healthy communication within the family and decrease any inaccurate assumptions by the family about the individuals symptoms that increase the stressors that produce OCD symptoms. The approach focuses on disengaging dysfunctional family behaviors and establishes a better family relationship. The famil y unit contains the dysfunction that triggers OCD behaviors (Plante, 2011).Family therapy is an effective treatment in addition to other therapies as part of a multimodal treatment focused on emotional disorders except the severe symptoms of OCD require combined therapies (Stein, 2002). History shows psychological treatment focused on the individual with the family unit as the cause of OCD symptoms and behaviors. Family members were not included in the individuals therapy. The family members were not considered relevant to the recovery of the individual. Later psychological discipline family system approach was established and applied in clinical applications (Plante, 2011).Family systems therapy focuses on the inadequacies in the family unit. Family systems therapy is less efficient as a single therapy for the treatment of OCD therefore in combination with other therapies increases the successfulness of the treatment (Barlow, 2007). Psychodynamic therapy focuses on anxiety associa ted with unconscious emotional beliefs. Therapists apply basic psychodynamic techniques to anxiety disorders (Fisher & Wells, 2005). The individual and the therapist establish a relationship where the individual is encouraged to discuss openly the underlying reasons of the anxiety. Guided imagery is applied in the this approach.The therapist assists the individual to identify and understand his or her issues as a reaction to current and past issues. The psychodynamic approach assists to uncover unconscious reactions therefore the therapist assists in interpreting the individuals thoughts, feelings, and dreams. The therapist assists the individual in identifying the unconscious motives to resolve the negative emotions. Identifying the causes of anxiety is effective with treating anxiety disorders. Psychodynamic therapy develops treatment goals (McLean, Whittal, Thordarson, Taylor, Sochting, Koch, Anderson, 2001).Severe cases of OCD are most effectively treated with a combined cogniti ve behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in relieving the symptoms of OCD. Training psychodynamic clinicians to apply cognitive-behavioral techniques assist in a more successful treatment plan and successful treatment of individuals with OCD (Barlow, 2007). The major theoretical approaches of behavior assist psychologists with the understanding of mental disorders. Cognitive-behavioral approach focuses on measuring observable behavior by applying classical and operant conditioning to the individuals behavior.The humanistic approach focuses on the individuals ability to develop the skills to become a more active with growth oriented goals (Plante, 2011). The family systems approach explains OCD behaviors originate from the consequences of family dysfunction. The psychodynamic approach focuses on the unconscious sour of the individuals lack of ability to develop healthy mental processes. Psychology assists in developing a healthy relationship in the unit relieving the individu al of the symptoms of mental illness.All of the approaches have advantages in treating specific disorders some are proven more effective with specific challenges and some perspectives. The combination of non-homogeneous perspectives in clinical psychology allows the therapist to apply therapies for a more successful change in the individuals behaviors. Research and clinical practice assist in uncovering the various human behaviors making development of these approaches change to accommodate these new discoveries of mental disorders and the treatments (Plante, 2011). The path to healthy homeostasis of the mind requires fit treatment to balance mental health.