Position Paper Outline & References Page due Essay Example for Free

Position Paper strategy References Page due EssayAfter you expect read your assigned reading for this week, choose a topic that has at least two clear points of trance that can each be defended in an academic and verifiable manner. It is best to check with your professor to make sure your topic is appropriate. Once you have decided on your topic and the point of view you want to build upon, write an outline for your position essay.While the final drawing of this theme is not due until the end of calendar week 8, you will invoke an outline and references page to your professor this week. Please note that you will also be required to submit a draft to your professor in Week 6 and to our peer review in Week 7.Refer to this weeks lecture for detailed requirements and guidelines on how to write an outline for a position essay.Successful Outline RequirementsFollow the sample format in this weeks lecture to pee an outline appropriate in scope for a 5-page persuasive paper (in addition to the title page and reference page) with no less than 3 academic sources included. NOTE please avoid topics that be focused on religious, moral, or overly emotional debates. You must clearly state your topic (which should be debatable in nature), draft an introduction paragraph, with a complete and persuasive thesis statement, and outline three main points that you will discuss in your paper, followed by two sub-points for each main point. Remember to include both viewpoints/sides of the topic. A contingent conclusion paragraph should also be drafted.Outlines should not exceed one page, unless discussed and approved with your professor. Provide APA references for three academic sources that you plan to use to support your position. Be typed and submitted as a Microsoft Word 2010 document (.docx), double-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font After reading TV Watching The Top Environmental risk for Children by Todd Huffman, note your initial reactions to the essay. In o ne paragraph, recordyour strongest reaction to the essay and explain why you think you may have reacted that way. From what perspective are you reacting, that of a parent or that of a child? What factors outside of the essay might have influenced your reaction?Your assignment this week is to write a draft of your rhetorical analysis. First, read this weeks lecture. Then go to the search engine of your choice and search for this phrase vintage ads. Include the quotation marks to search for simply that phrase. Tell us about the ad you chose name the product and the year the ad was published. Remember that the goal of advertising is to make you spend your money on products and services. Does the ad motivate you to buy the product or service? How does the ad use ethos, pathos, or logos to make you desire the product?Ethos relies on the credibleness or the authority of the ad itself (Im not a doctor, but I play one on TV.) Pathos is an appeal to your emotions (Coke adds life.) Logos is an appeal to your intellect (Ads that show great gas mileage numbers for a car appeal to your intelligencethey imply that you have the brains to buy the most efficient vehicle.). What elements create ethos, pathos, or logos in the ad that you chose? Discuss 2-3 elements that work to create the rhetorical appeal (ethos, logos, pathos) that you detect. Some elements you might analyze are The use of colors The appearance of people in the ad or their expressions The way the product is photographed or displayed Words used in the adHere is some advice. In your discussion1) rid of summarizing the adlets not look at the ad and describe it. Keep in mind that this is not a description paper. 2) Avoid talking about your experience with the product or service depicted in the ad. Keep in mind that this is not a testimonial paper. advert sure that you are writing about how the ad makes you want to spend your money on a product or service. Ethos, pathos, logos By works on this now, you will w rite material that you can use in your draft to turn in this week.

The death penalty as a form of punishment

The devastation penalization as a form of penalizationThe death penalty has been used throughout all of history as a form of punishment. In the past it was used by leaders to appreciation citizens in line. There are currently 35 states in the US that have the death penalty in place. This particular social issue is politic under a lot of debate in the United States and around the world. Some of the doubts it raises is what happens if the wrong person is sentenced, what are the financial costs of the process, how should it be nock? However, the important question that is raises is whether it is goodly acceptable. Today the death penalty is used in about 70 different countries, a number that has been rapidly declining in the past few decades. In parliamentary procedures effort to be just and to protect the in good orders of criminals in the justice system, a reasonable effort, let them not ignore or diminish the rights of the victims. Capital punishment is an instrument that insures the murderer will not cause harm to another victim and it au soticates the sacredness of human bread and butter. There are some(prenominal) philosophers that think capital punishment is morally acceptable if it is done for the right reasons. Two such philosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. By analyzing Kants honourable theories it dejection be said that he is for the death penalty as he comes right out and says he is, however there have been objections to this as part of his ethical theory can be interpreted as hypocritical. John Stuart Mills is more straight forward as seen in his book entitled Utilitarianism and to a fault his speech on capital punishment. Kant is an avid believer in the old saying an eye for an eye as evidence by his statement that if soul has committed murder, he must die. In this eccentric, no possible substitute can satisfy justice. He believes a victim has the right to have their accuser inflicted with the same pain that they had. Therefore, if a person commits murder then that person in return should be subject to the death penalty. He goes on to specify that a person must be judged by a court first, but if they are instal guilty of murder and the court does not sentence them to death, then they themselves are contributing to the crime. He also believes that a murder does not deserve a worse punishment than the crime they committed. To Kant a life in prison, which in his mind is a life of embarrassment, is worse than a death sentence. In the end Kant believes in the death penalty, but not in the case of all crimes. The punishment must be fitting to the crime itself. If a person is sentenced to death for something like stealing then the legal system has failed to fall upon its rightful intention. Even though Kant comes right out and says he is in favor of the death penalty, with regard to his ethical theories the line is more blurred. One of the main points of his theory is the idea of a universal law. In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals he talks about the categorical imperative. One of the keys to this theory is that one should fiddle so that their maxims can become a universal law. He believes that an immoral action cannot become a universal law. The universal laws in his mind make up what he calls the dry land of ends. This is an ideal moral community where everyone is held to the same moral standards, or laws. Universal laws should be followed by everyone, including, and especially those in power. This is where the contradiction in terms can come in. In his defense of the death penalty Kant states that it is the head of states obligation to fulfill this and that as a result of their job they should be loose from the punishment, however, in his theory of the categorical imperative he believes that no one including the head of state should be allowed to break a universal law. other contradiction regarding Kants ethical theory is seen in his respect for persons theor y. Kant believes that each person has intrinsic value and this makes them deserving of moral respect from others. Is killing someone giving them moral respect? The argument against this objection is that if a person kills another, not in self defense, do they in return deserve moral respect? Kants exercise is no. People who have dignity and reason are the ones who are priceless to society and deserve respect. In order to achieve the ideal Kingdom of Ends there has to be laws, and if people dont follow those laws they need to be punished. This is the only way in which to ensure that people act in moral ways. Another theory that can be used to advocate the death penalty is Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was written by John Stuart Mill in 1878. Though on the advance it might seem to say capital punishment is not morally right, Mill is actually for the death penalty, as long as it is for the betterment of society as a whole. What is considered right and wrong in society is dependent n ot on the motivation of an action, but the incentive. The difference between the two is a motive is the feeling that makes a person act, while an incentive is what the agent wills as an ultimate end of that action. An example of this distinction can be found in the scenario of saving a drowning man. If someone wants to save the man in the hopes of getting a reward that is still considered the right thing to do. The greed would be the persons motive but the intention would still be to save the mans life. However, if someone wants to save the man in order to torture him afterwards this would be considered wrong. The motive here would be power and the incentive would be to bring pain to the drowning man. Utilitarianism does not evaluate people, but only the actions. It is then the actions that are judged by their consequences. all consequences that, in the end, betters society as a whole is acceptable. There are many ways that society would benefit from the death penalty. Keeping pri soners locked up for life is expensive, especially when there is overcrowding in prisons and money must be spent on the construction of new ones. Instead this money could be spent on education and healthcare, which in the end would hopefully decrease murders that occur. There is also the possibility that a person will get released from prison. A person who has already committed a crime is much more likely to repeat it which would cause more harm to society. John Stuart Mills not only advocates the death penalty through his ethical theory of Utilitarianism, but directly in his speech to the British Parliament in 1868 in defense of it. He believes, as does Kant, that sentencing someone to life in prison is worse than sentencing someone to death.(footer). This is the basis of his argument, that the death penalty is a more humane form of punishment than a person serving a life in a tomb. Capital punishment has been used throughout all of history but the real question is does the death p enalty really work in modern times? The death penalty can be morally acceptable if it is used for the right reasons and not abused by people who just want power. When it is for the betterment of society as a whole it can be a excusable action as said by two of the most respected philosophers Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills. Through their ethical theories, though Kants has been scrutinized, and in direct quotes they have back up the death penalty. It is a declining form of punishment in the modern world, and continues to be one of the most heated issues in the United States and around the world. The death penalty can be morally justified if it is not abused and used in the right way. When it is used in such a way it can actually be a more humane, though still affective, form of punishment that protects the sanctity of human life and betters society. I defend this penalty, the death penalty when confined to the atrocious cases, on the very round for which it is commonly attacke d- on that of humanity to the criminal as beyond comparison the least cruel mode in which it is possible adequately to deter from the crime(65).

Motivation factors of the Workplace in Thailand

penury accompanimentors of the Workplace in ThailandThis proposal publisher bequeath drive to prove the view and application of what effects motivation has in the subaltern hierarchical or flat organisation workplaces for the buckrams or companies doing business in Thailand meek organisations that rent less than 50 staffs fit this description. What be the incidentors that motivate the employee to succeed, is it m wizardy, caper promotions, perks? at a time the findings feed been r for each oneed, would they be able to apply to akin(predicate) organisations?With todays fragile economic situations along with fierce competitions in virtually all market places, small size companies need to be able to manage and respond to the ever-changing environment in a much faster pace. To be able to compete stiffly, companies need to cut through Red Tapes or bypassing unnecessary bureaucracy and adapt quick to the ever-changing surroundings in the business environment. In Thailan d, on that point ar no differences when it comes to compete and compete fiercely they do. The aim of this proposal is to focussing its findings specially on small multinational companies doing business in Thailand. The reason being that multinational companies who are persuadeing business in Thailand, similar to their subsidiaries in other countries, would identical to see their re turns on investment and realize their profits on a yearly basis and expecting growth every single year followings. Efficiency is nonpareil of the discerns for multinational companies to compete effectively. This proposal will alike address how motivation theories are being use to in these placements where vertical promotions are virtual non-existence. nocorporate ladders to climb for roughly employees. If this fact does non exist, then what motivate employees? The muse will focus on the investigate theories ground on Herzbergs Motivation Theory that he and his colleagues wrote somewhat m otivation 50 years ago. The hit the books will attempt to design questionnaires to address the question on Hygiene factors as healthy as the others motivation factors which will be hypothesized on their actual application in the work place in Thailand. One of the hypotheses will focus on mvirtuosotary pay factor that it is or it is non the major influence in motivation for such a flat or low level pecking ordain memorial tablets Pr decisionergast, 2002.This report will be tooth rootd in Thailand small size multinational companies where thither are approximately three levels of the power structure and there are less than 50 commonwealth on the job(p) full m. For the purpose of the study, 5 multinational companies will be chosen. Main criteria are the immobile needs to be amultinational company they employ less than 50 staff, and that they have no to a greater extent than three carrying out levels in the hierarchy for five years. Moreover, 95% of the employees must be Thai nationals. To solidify the study, companies need to be operating in Thailand for no less than 5 years and that the organisational structure must fit the criteria of equal to or less than three levels.Major objectiveProductivity, profitability, efficiency are just some of the key drivers that companies are expecting from their abroad staffs and enforce them firmly in order to survive. To be productive and efficient for small size multinational organisations, flatter and less hierarchical levels have been adopted. It cuts crop up decisions times and increases more action time which suits the small multinational companies profiles. However, this efficiency also has its drawbacks when it comes to job promotion or others traditional motivational factors. With flatter organisation, there are fewer ladders for employees to climb. Which posts another question that job promotion is a major key to motivating muckle in any organisation?The findings based on this study will admirer re tort some of the questions General Managers, Human Resources Managers or just plain manager/supervisory programs in many small size multinational companies in Thailand. With that benefit in mind, managers will be able to manage their personnel more effectively, properly and with something to reference with. The findings, however, may commotion other benefits to other organisations that themselves are a array of a large organisation that job promotion within the organisation is limited or do not exist they go off apply the findings to their own environment. Further, a large size companies whose hierarchical are quite limited and/or job promotion are scarce, the findings based on this proposed study could benefit the management in those organisations as well.Many managers are seeking the swear outs to the question of How to keep people incite in today organisation where good effective people are hard to find and retain. To both apply the motivation at the same time seeking reten tion, are one of the human resource organisation goals. To get some of these answers, questionnaires based on the Employee Satisfaction Survey (ESS) will be used. This batch is being used by many firms. However, there are many version of ESS. The ESS was start documented by The National Business Research comprise or NBRI NBRI, 1982. It is used to bore-hole the satisfaction of the job of the employee has with the current company, compensation, comprehension, relationship, environment, etc Prendergast, 2002. The questionnaires in this study will be designed to hold out many areas in the brass as possible in an attempt to derive at the answers about what caused motivation and the effect it has to the scheme. How would the managers in similar organizations benefit from the findings? The answer lies in the fact that there are many similar structure of organization although do not engaging in the same business as the firm chosen, however, with the accentuate of the Thai people in this study, the origin wish that it batch be applied beginning with the people in Thailand.Another objective of this study is to striking on the fact that organisation needs people who are dedicated, intelligence, diligence and productive to grow the company. Is he or she possessing the right backgrounds, has the right educations, does he or she has the proper attitude toward the company, the workplace and the culture? Of course, brief interview with any potential candidate for any job cannot determine the candidate is the right for the job. personal credit line probation concept was designed to filter out the wrong choice employees. Although it is not in the scope of this proposed research, the fact remains that you need to motivate these people first and try to retain the ones the firms want to keep hoping that world power be able to somehow bring those qualities out of the potential candidates Herzberg, 1987.ObjectiveThe study in this subject will be utilising smash of Fre derick Herzberg the Hygiene Factor Theory of Motivation as part of the design of the questionnaire. The Survey questions (see sample in Appendix I) are specifically designed to fit the size of the organization and to reflect the needs to find out on whether or not the employees are satisfied with their jobs in general and will also use the results to derive what are the motivation factors the employees in the small, low hierarchical organizations have in common. This will also put an opportunity if the findings can also be applied to other similar in the requirements organisations. Further, based upon the Hygiene Factor of Herzberg motivational theory, the findings will also both to reinforce or challenge his theory? With the results obtained, although limited in size proposed at presence, it does not mean that the study cannot be extended to but the study in the future. The assumption is that mainly the Motivation is the Independent variable. With the right kind of motivation ap plied, productivities increase. The job itself or the results, the growth of the company give-up the ghosts Dependent variable.Limitations of the ResearchThis research proposal is focused on small size, multinational companies who has approximately three levels in the current organisation that must be in functioning order for the last 5 years. The sample size is also a limitation of this study since the proposed study call for small size companies that has approximately 50 employees or less. This proposal is also limit to five companies. The total number of employees is 250 employees in approximation. Due to the fact that some of the nature of the companies chosen which contained field personnel who might not be available for the time of the questionnaires is being distributed, hard copies will be used in combination with emails to the psyches. The consolidation of the info will be collected after two weeks of distribution and will be using SPSS Regression method to help calculat e the results in a quantitative presentation.In order to get the individuals of these companies cooperate with the study, a formal letter will be written and addressed to the General Managers and/or Human Resources Managers of each firms postulation permission to conduct a glance for the research study on what motivation has on their employees. The results of the findings will be made available for the management of the firms to conduct further studies if chosen.Significance of the studyThe study is design to study what motivation factors employees have in the low hierarchical organization taking into consideration that there are virtually a lesser amount of corporate ladders to climb, in the traditional sense, comparing to the organizations of old. There are numbers of similar size of these companies conducting their businesses in Thailand and more so in the neighboring countries that may benefits from this paper once the findings are presented. In addition to the lesser levels i n the current organizations, there are other factors that companies need to prepare themselves in competing equally with others. Companies of this size pride themselves to be lean and effective organizations also the nature of the multinational companies forces them to be special(a) efficient while conducting business in other countries. Returns on Investment (ROI) are always on the Senior centering minds, motivating people caused them to be productive, hence generate more profits. One of the requirements that 95% of the employees in each companies need to be Thai nationals, this will present clearer pictures of the motivation factors. One of the assumptions that one of more of the management of these firms is expatriates running the businesses in Thailand. However, due to the limitation of the study that the proposal called for five companies to be conducted, expatriates managers for these firms are not required. Even though this fact will help see the contrast when comparing to Thai nationals management team, this is not a major requirements in this study. Educational backgrounds of the individual employees are not the major factors since some of these firms possess field personnel. However, this is significant since the employees at this level have even less corporate ladders to climb, hence, job promotions with title and responsibilities may not be adequately suit their culture norms for Thai workers. The study will then attempt to focus also that the monetary rewards which will be part of the questionnaires used in the surveys. Once concluded, the findings will be made available to the firms that give permission to conduct the study so they may benefits from the findings. In most of the multinational companies should already have some sort of employee study surveys, however, the one directly related to what effect motivation has to the employees in the low hierarchical organizations may be scarce.Literature ReviewThe paper used in this study was written by Nigel Bassett-Jones, Oxford Brookes Business School, Oxford, UK and Geoffrey C. Lloyd, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka. The paper was published in the journal of Management Development in 2005. The paper seeks to examine the issue of Herzbergs two-factor motivation theory which will be used as reference theory in this paper.The paper referred to the challenges in today organisation factors such as downsizing led ways to focus on employee empowerment Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005. Bassett-Joness paper raised the question about the problem to motivate people to convey ideas within the context of work-based suggestion schemes Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005. With companies experiencing overwhelming changes after World War II, hence the introduction of globalisation and scientific development has prompted the innovation in technology and plethora of new ideas Ilinitch et. al, 1996. Parolinis work in 1999 has also been cited by Bassett-Jones 2005 that these ongoing progress pro mpted workforces to continue to improve products, systems and wait ones to compete fairly.To support Herzbergs view in financial rewards can be viewed negatively, citation by Hiltrop (1995) was used to stress that psychological contract by employers hinders employment persistence and opportunities for career progression Bassett-Jones, et. al, 2005. This finding by Hiltrop (1995) will be used as part of the study in this paper to determine whether or not monetary rewards are not the motivation factor in the low hierarchical organisation in Thailand. This paper based on the survey results obtained, study the statement made in Bassett-Jones (2005) paper cited Hiltrop (1995) that based on their contentious proposition, money does not motivate Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005.Bassett-Joness Bassett-Jones, et. al, 2005 also cited Taylorism in their paper that basically people are lazy and work-shy and stimulation to motivate them comes externally. The authors also cited Hawthorn findings that people are motivate to work well for its own sake, as well as for the social and monetary benefits they received, and this is internally stimulated Bassett-Jones, et. al, 2005. In this paper will also use these two findings as based to study further to conclude its findings. Many theorists had been cited by Bassett-Jones in her paper such as McClelland, Locke, V inhabit, and Alderfer. Unfortunately, this paper will omit their findings due to the constrained of this paper and its scopes. This paper will use some of Peter and Waterman (1982) work on empowerment and team work as part of the proof of this paper. Bassett-Jones (2005) cited that expectancy theory as well as equity, goal setting and reinforcement resulted in the development of a simple model of motivation alignment Locke, 1978. Important suggestions that once identify and objectives are destined, rewards can be determined next to both serve the organization objectives and satisfied employees Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005. On the other hand Herzberg axiom stated that lacking(predicate) financial reward can demotivate and money Behling et. al, 1968 is yet another hygiene factor that could cause dissatisfaction Herzberg et. al, 1959. To stress this point further, Herzberg (1959) stated that an improvement in one or more of a range of factors including pay, supervision and prospects for promotion would result in a move towards increased satisfaction, whilst a deterioration would prompt a move in the opposite direction dissatisfaction was a result of an absence of factors giving rise to satisfaction Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005. Sense of achievement, recognition and work itself will be the key focus.Bassett-Jones (2005) wrote that Herzberg suggested that motivation is like self-charging battery and that employees become motivated themselves. Energy or desire must come from within and that motivation, by Herzberg definition, is internally generated not externally stimulated by incentives Prendergast, 2002. Mo st importantly the statement suggested that individuals do not require incremental incentives to drive the internal engine Prendergast, 2002. Critical victory factors came from and integration of training, appraisal system, promotion and redundancy policies Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005.Bassett-Jones (2005) paper concluded that with Herzberg research result, whilst repetition produces frustration and alienation, it can also induce insight and understanding. These results from the research can used to curve the retention and skill dilution and use to improve morale and increase employee voice in the organization. The authors also cited the economy factors as well as socio-psychological perspective to human relations on cultural based and should be understood by management and unfortunately cannot be shared with the people at the bottom of the organization hierarchy Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005. This paper also demonstrated that motivators associated with intrinsic drivers outweigh movers linked to financial inducement. Finally the question is raised that whether employee need for recognition has become a hygiene factor in the contemporary employment contest? Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005 Authors answer is while some inducements can move some employees to contribute ideas the numbers involved are significantly less than those who are motivated by a desire to overcome frustration and contribute to organizational success. The organization needs to aspire to generate high commitment culture is likely to prove elusive without Taylorist paradigm persistence. In addition, systems and processes that enable employees to work together to define problems and overcome frustrations will resulted in great organization Bassett-Jones et. al, 2005.Independent VariableThe independent in this study is Motivation. Motivation, as described by Robbins and Judge (2009), is The process that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. To use this description in this study for small, multinational firms conducting businesses in Thailand where the organisational structures are quite flat, virtually no room for vertical promotion upward for employees. So to apply motivation by asking the employees to climb the corporate ladders is out of the equation entirely. The study will turn the focus upon an individual intensity of how to focus the individual is about his or her career direction. The persistence to stay with the objectives to attain the set goal will also be part of the study to find the motivation factors Locke, 1978.Dependent variablesThe work itself and the effectiveness of the workplace will be the dependent variables study toward the conclusion of this study based on the theory related to the study, what motivation technique the author may suggest for management to use in their firms. The effectiveness of work itself can be further compare the effectiveness within the collection or individual (Robbins and Judge, 2009). What criteria used to define the level of the effectiveness in the workplace? base upon effectiveness in a group, certain decision must be made. Obvious decision made would be group decision, the following question is that how could we gauge it accuracy in the decision made by the group. Would it track to successfully completing the tasks on hand? To be effective, should the group be focus more on faster respond to any changes in the environment would this in itself one of the motivation factors? Would an individual decision making in the small firm studied be widely used instead of group decision? Further, would group decision lead to creativity, perhaps yes since there are many others with ideas and if goals of organization are the ultimate goal Locke, 1978. With these dependents in mind, the study can draw a final framework based on the suggestions and nature of the findings based on the study. The main question that will be focus upon still be the question that what are the motivation factors of the people in the low hierarchical organization? Any attempts made by the management to help motivate their people? The findings hopefully will benefits some of these questions. If they chose to implement them, are there other effective tools or methods to use, perhaps. Would similar structure type organization would benefits from this endeavor, may be.Theory related to Independent VariableThere are many theories of Motivation the author will focus using the Herzberg Motivation Theory and will also mention the Hygiene factors that may cause the dissatisfaction in the job itself, hence lead to employee dissatisfaction or de-motivation (Herzberg et. al, 1959) factors as the base theory to study this subject firm of a small retail market audit in Thailand.Figure 1.establish on Employee Satisfaction Survey (ESS), questionnaires will be designed based generally on this with a major focus to tailor to try to answer the question about motivation in such e nvironment with the requirement in these firms. Factors mentioned in Herzbergs will be tailored to be the major part of the questionnaires factors such as Company Policy, Supervision, work conditions Stead, 1972, salary Behling et. al, 1968, relationship with Boss Brown, 1976 and peers alike are the key focus areas that the survey questionnaires were designed to focus on these factors. This by far represent only one side of the concepts by Herzberg, others such as Job Satisfactions, Recognition, Achievement, Advancement, Responsibility and job itself will also be tailored in the questionnaires. That raised yet another question, that for companies this size, would this be the motivation factors are used correctly or incorrectly used, do they become the de-motivation factors? intervention of Dependent VariableAnother part of the questionnaires touch base on work conditions, the salary of the employees in these firms, again are they motivation factors, purely, or could it become the op posite factors that drive down moral among the employees. From the results, are relationships with coworkers and the involvement of the manager or senior managers important? Do employees appreciate this Brown, 1976? The job itself is the motivation factors? The survey will be touched upon job stimulation and challenging in many areas. Are achievements and recognition for the job well done is the key motivators? Is job quality among the employees frame of minds?Relationship of the Independent variable to the Dependent variablesThe relationships between the both the Hygiene factors and the Motivation factors can be summed up as tally Brenner et. al, 1971. The hygiene factors such as work conditions Stead, 1972, salary Behling et. al, 1968 if not implemented carefully, and then these factors will become hinder to keep employees motivated. The relationship with the peers and the immediate supervisor are they in the acceptable range Brown, 1976? Would the educational backgrounds make th em closer in the workplace, hence it is one of the factors?Methods to use in this studyThe questionnaires were designed to cover many areas such as job satisfaction, compensation, recognition, participation, management, relationship, working environment, the quality of work as the key indicators also on how engage the employees are with the organisation. The questionnaires will be sending via emails to the individual employees once the permission letters have to be approved by the firms. For those firms that contain field personnel which sometimes do not have access to computers or email accounts while on the roads, paper forms of questionnaires will be used in lieu of electronics email. The survey questions will base on the Likert system. In the questions about personal growth or invert looking of the employees, Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly Disagree will be used to tally the results. Good, Average, Poor and Very Poor will be used in questions about the envi ronment. Questions pertaining to employee engagement will also be used. Do they recover the company treating them right? Would they leave the organisation the first chance they get? Engagement also referred to how the organisation treats its employees. Does it care about basic conditions Stead, 1972 of the organisation is it too hot or too cold. Do people get a chance to participated in the decision making process? This aims to stair the retention and the measure if some of the motivation factors are being applied.As mentioned, the questionnaire will be distributed via email to all employees providing that they have access to email. If not hard copies will be used. The employee has about two weeks to complete the questionnaires. The questionnaires are in the Thai language as well as the English language. Once the employees fill the questionnaires in which by the way was design based on the Likert system of scales. With the size of the organisation, the study would expect 100% res pond. When the tally is completed the results will be group into each category based on the responses. Approximately 250 responds will be expected and the Regression method of SPSS will be used to determine the results. Results will be representing in Microsoft Powerpoint format for ease of understanding. The presentation file then will be given to the senior manager in charge and actions to be interpreted discuss.Results- summary of the data to be collected100% respond is expected since there are small numbers of firms chose and at the same time a small number of employees in each firm. However, the numbers expected in this study should not go below 200 responses to be conclusive to the findings. The data tallied will go through the process of regression analysis to conclude the findings and the final information prepare and present in Microsoft Powerpoint format.HypothesesH1 Money is a key motivatorOne of the assumption or Hypothesis is for the low hierarchical or flat organisati onal structure the money Behling et. al, 1968 would be the key motivator H1.Herzberg (1959) in his theory about the money alone does not motivate Herzberg et. al, 1959. Would this study prove otherwise?H2 Is Job itself a motivator?Job satisfaction in doing a good quality job itself is self-fulfilling?H3 Advancement, personal achievement a key motivatorCareer and Training requirement from the employees as well as Responsibility especially in the Authority for decision making, are these key motivation factors.DiscussionThe working environment is also important. Per Herzbergs (1959) theory, if not implemented correctly, the working environmental would become an issue as a Hygiene factor, hence demotivate the employee or at least caused the level dissatisfaction to rise Brenner et. al, 1971. In the small group of people, the relationship in the work place ranked high. Is this due to fact that the majority of the employees are in the same age group and mostly male dominated workplace environment with similar educational background contribute to this fact? Support between departments and strong working relationship are they have been established? Compensation and other benefits such as bonus have taken any part Blakemore et. al, 1987? Usually, bonus for these firms is being given at the end of the year. The fact that most bonuses are profit based, the amount of bonus pool depends on the firm performance for the entire year. Would the motivation factors link to the end results at year end? Further to the amount given to the individual also based upon the results of the Performance Appraisal that is being done twice a year. department goals and company vision take part in clarity for employees of not? This would indicate that the employers have fulfil their part in the company or division objectives and willing to ensure its success Locke, 1978.Conceptual FrameworkThe frame work or this study based it finding on the Employee Satisfaction Survey of a small size o f multinational companies conducting businesses in Thailand where the number of employees is approximately 50 people each and 5 of these companies will be chosen. Approximately 250 responses are expected. Once the survey is done, data will be collected and tally for concluding the findings. The question asked will be at any given time what motivates people in a flat or low hierarchical organisation structure in Thailand will be the focal point. The results from the survey will be shared with the management of the firms to help improve the firms. This study can also be used to further study on key factors that employees seek as motivation themselves. Also based on Herzbergs findings and also to view the survey results, this study will also view this from Taylorism point of view in an attempt to conclude its findings.Figure 2.ConclusionTo conclude what are the motivation factors in the low hierarchical organization in Thailand, the study need to establish that the firms encounter the criteria. Criteria such as small size, no more than 50 employees, multinational organization conducting business in Thailand, three levels of hierarchy within the organization functioning for five years. These are some the requirements. Also the facts that firms chosen have fulfilled their own clarity requirement to their employees are essentials. Even though bonuses for each individual are substantial and should be taken in to consideration as part of the monetary compensation, these facts remain the unknown factors due to the nature of the monetary compensation cannot not be revealed by the firms management Prendergast, 2002. Is it doing a good job that what motivate the employees? Does stimulation come from the job nature, this is the question posted. Is a chance to help make a decision a motivation factors? This motivation factor needs further consideration since the company is run by management and by its nature it cannot afford to be democratic. The closeness in working relat ionship Brown, 1976, is it also a factor? The findings in this study hopefully will answer these questions. Aforementioned, if the findings will help the management in the selected firms benefits from its findings, the study will be proven most successful. Further, if the findings can somehow finds its way to help other similar organization, this would be the ultimate achievement.ReferencesBassett-Jones, Nigel and Lloyd, Geoffrey C., Does Herzbergs motivation theory have staying power?, Journal of Management Development, 2005, Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 929-943Behling, Orlando, Lobovitz, George, Kosmo, Richard The Herzberg Controversy A Critical Reappraisal, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 99-108Blakemore, E., Low, Stuart A. Ormiston, Michael B., Employment Bonuses and Labor Turnover, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 5, No. 4, Part 2 The New Economics of Personnel (Oct., 1987), pp. S124-S135Brenner, Vincent C., Carmack, Claude W., Weinstein, Mark G.,An Empirical Test of the Motivation-Hygiene Theory, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 359-366Brown, Matha A., Values A Necessary but Neglected Ingredient of Motivation on the Job, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Oct., 1976), pp. 15-23Herzberg, F.I. 1987, One more time How do you motivate employees?, Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct87, Vol. 65 Issue 5, p109-120Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. (1959) The Motivation to Work, New York John Wiley and Sons,Locke, Edwin A., The Ubiquity of the Technique of coating Setting in Theories of and Approaches to Employee Motivation, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Jul., 1978), pp. 594-601Prendergast, Canice, Uncertainty and Incentives, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2, Part 2 Compensation Strategy and name (Apr., 2002), pp. S115-S137Stead, Bette A., Berlos Communication Process Model as Applied to the Behavioral Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor, The

The Popularity Of Hollywood Movies Media Essay

The Popularity Of Hollywood Movies Media EssayIt is believed that Hollywood is the largeest farmingal author of entertainment for numerous people of all matures, races, sexes, and ethnicities. Hollywood mental picture industry depicts numerous figs of a variety of races throughout its films for more than nine and a half billion dollars in 2002 (U.S. Census Abstr bes, 2002). De fire the wide variety of surfaces, motion pictures and images produced by Hollywood, earshot of dissimilar backgrounds atomic number 18 allowed to generate thoughts, passels, and persuasions that go a long with their own intuitions. Therefore, legion(predicate) films protrude to be non-redundant and convenient though they implicitly embroil wide variety of repeated plots, characters, and specific characteristics. Regardless of the quality level of im reduceions, they last for long generation as they atomic number 18 hard to be imitated or changed.Plato states, in the Re common, those who tel l the stories also rule party (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). The some effective images are those left buns contributing in shaping audiences beliefs, opinions and attitudes toward sealed events and nations. Arab and Moslem culture was a of import target and content for Hollywood delineation industry. Savage (2002) believes that Hollywood films pass water a major influence on the American public, and millions of people make believe grown up believing that they know Arab and Islamic culture through what they view on the big screen (Savage, 2002, p. 8).Hollywood celluloid industry has strongly established its popularity in the United States and universewide. According to Shaheen (2001), Hollywoods motion pictures reach nearly every mavin. cinematic illusions are created, nurtured, and distributed worldkind-wide, reaching more than 100 countriesNo so atomic number 53r do contemporary features submit the movie theaters than they are available in video stores (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). Teenagers and children were one of the most affected audiences by the sustained popularity of Hollywood movies. Shaheen (2001) remarks that teenagers are avid moviegoers and nowadays purchase four out of ten movie tickets (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). It is also mention that Hollywood movies and American media are consumed by 150 nations worldwide (Shaheen, 2002). However, the meanings of images conveyed by Hollywood movies to audiences play a crucial parting in shaping various classs of peoples. Paul (1998) comments on research findings saying laterally, Studies indicate that stereotypes are automatically or unconsciously generated in the mind, and that categorizing is an important part of the mental process of evaluating the world (Paul, 1998, p. 52).Hollywood filmmakers employ various stereotypes as an effective tool that establishes protagonists and antagonists however, everyday appearance of Arabs in antagonistic roles affects audience to believe that such shows are truly an d true. The stereotypical myths near Arabs reach beyond ordinary audience to become self-perpetuating when more films adopt the same premises. El-Farra (1996) states, it is the myths about Arabs which often inspire directors, producers and screenwriters to develop a product which is then based on stereotypes (El-Farra, 1996, pp. 4-5).Stereotypes Existence and HarmAccording to Paul (1998), the stereotypes explain wherefore things are the way they are. Other scholars believe that A soulfulness develops stereotypes about a groupfrom information and disinformation, distortions, and/or opinions made available through family, friends, and the media (Abreu, Ramirez, Kim, Haddy, 2003, p. 693). Generally speaking, stereotypes can negatively affect any race, ethnicity, or a group of people if the negative implications about such groups are synonymous with their fragments. Abreu et al ( 2003) say that when one perceives an individual as a member of a particular stereotyped group, the perc eivers mind activates the group-relevant cognitive structure and processesjudgments and attitudes within the framework of that particular stereotype (Abreu et al., p. 693). Crocker and Major (cited in Pitner, Astor, Benbenishty, Haj-Yahia, Zeira, 2003) report, holding negative beliefs about other groups is functional in that it could bolster the image and esteem of ones own group.Therefore, Hollywood movie makers can portray whatever races as favorable for audience whereas others cultures are placed in the negative side of audiences awareness. Several of Hollywoods most blatant patterns of bias fall within the categories of race, ethnicity and/or star sign(a) origin include in this group are negative and/or stereotypical portrayals of Arabs and Arab-Americans (Cones, 1998). All races may be shown as negative groups at certain convictions however, around races such as Arabs and Arab-Americans are featured negatively all the time.Seen through Hollywoods distorted lenses, Arabs l ook different and threatening. Projected on racial and religious lines, the stereotypes are deeply ingrained in American cinema. From 1896 until today, filmmakers have collectively indicted all Arabs as Public Enemy 1- brutal, heartless, uncivilized religious fanatics and money-mad cultural others bent on terrorizing civilized Westerners, especially Christians and Jews. (Shaheen, 2001, p. 2)Several terroristic events which took place before September 11 had been exploited by media and Hollywood movie makers to show Arabs as terrorists in spite that Arabs were non involved in those events. For example, Arabs were blame for the bombings of Oklahoma metropolis and World Trade Center even before investigations launched, and all Arabs were blamed for the invasion of capital of Kuwait by only one Arab country (Iraq). These events were used to convey a message to public saying that Arabs cannot be trusted since they support crimes and mass wipeout against humanity as a whole.Popular cul ture of any people is formed in part through their association and experiences which are mostly acquired by mass media. Shaheen (2001) believes that individuals are influenced by a continuous flow of seen one, seen em all headlines (Shaheen, 2001, p. 28). Therefore, Hollywood movie industry depends upon watercourse evets and headlines to influence their desired perception for purposeful goals when producing new movies. According to Goodstein (1998), Each set of villains reflected headlines and anxieties of its erawith Soviet pretensions shattered and extraterrestrials from outer space pass, the new cinematic enemy is the Muslim extremist.Stereotypes and Myths About Muslims, Arabs and Arab-AmericansEl-Farra (1996) defines a stereotype as the creation of a biased opinion or view- an individual will take the behavior of one soulfulness and state that all people belonging to that particular group, be it an ethnic, religious or social group, behave in the same manner (El-Farra, 1996, p.1). In this sense, Hollywood portrays target groups stereotypes as absolute truths ignoring the fact that there is only some truth born by these stereotypes. However, focusing on and encouraging irrefutable portrays of certain stereotypes make audience view all related members positively.It is believed that in spite of many procedures have been taken to improve stereotypes of certain racial and ethnic stereotypes, Shaheen (2001) thinks that Hollywoods stereotype of Arabs remained the same. Over the last three decades stereotypical portraits have actually increased in number and virulence (Shaheen,2001, p. 28). Portraying Arabs in negative roles all the time even through fictitious stories rather than factual ones whether in movies or TV shows leaves audience more likely to view Arabs as if they really act the roles portrayed in movies and shows and thus public think that all Arabs can only behave accordingly. Therefore, such negative portrayals of Arabs enhance the publics biase d judgments, views or attitudes toward Arabs nation and culture. After courses of virtual invisibility, Arab-Americans are finally finding prominence in Hollywood movies- as terrorists and villains. They are only the latest in a long line of ethnic groups and nationalities cast in stereotypical bad-guy roles (Goodstein, 1998).According to Shaheen ( 2001 ), there are four types of myths that pertain to the Arabs and Arab-Americans stereotypes They are all fabulously wealthy, they are barbarians and uncultured, they are sex maniacs with a penchant for white slavery, and they revel in acts of terrorism (El-Farra,1996, p. 2). much(prenominal) myths about intentionally imagined Arabs stereotype encourage all participants of Hollywood movie industry including directors, producers, and screenwriters to make their films and TV shows accordingly. In fact, scholars find it hard to explain these representations of Arabs. For example, Shaheen admits such dilemma stating, I cant say the cellul oid Arab has changed. That is the problem. He is what he has ever so been-the cultural other.In fact Arabs are not the only group that is exposed to negative portrayals of Hollywood. Some critics remark that other minorities stereotypes such as African-Americans and Latinos have been characterized as offensive. Shaheen (2001) stated that History reminds us that the cinemas hateful Arab stereotypes are reminiscent of abuses in earlier times. Not so long ago-and sometimes still-Asians, American Indians, pitch-blacks, and Jews were vilified (Shaheen, 2001, p. 4).On the other hand, Cones (1998) believes that there is no such constraint on depicting Arabs as oily and oversexed or shifty-eyed and violent (Cones, 1998). Therefore, it is noteworthy that in spite of the sufferings Arabs and Arab-Americans face as a result of untrue images in the public eyes, Hollywood does nothing to improve or change the current situation of Arabs image in public eyes.This view can be understood and inte rpreted appropriately if one considers how Hollywood plays a crucial role in directing hatred against Arabs and Arab-Americans. To achieve success in this regard, Hollywood has employed its pre-identified image of Arabs as evils and enemies of humanity in many related media productions (Savage, 2002, p. 7).However, the frequent work of portraying certain stereotypes negatively may not achieve the expected profits for Hollywood movie industry since they would exclude those races and ethnicities members from lists of consumers. Those ethnicities would view such negative images of their cultures as offensive which may reduce their interests in Hollywood productions. Therefore, Hollywood movie makers may think that audience of various backgrounds particularly Arabs would be open-minded enough to view such media campaigns against them as entertainment rather than vicious anti-Arab propaganda. In case that such audiences were not up to Hollywood expectations, Hollywood may have done serio us and critical risks in that it would not only threaten its industry but would also contribute to the creation of national and international political struggles that are based on racism and religious discrimination.(Cones, 1998).A group of grammatical constituents underlie the exposure of Arab stereotype to negative images in Hollywood. These factors include political reasons, profitable box offices, apathy, and the absence of Arab-Americans in the industry. However, Shaheen (2001) ironically says the fact remains You can hit an Arab free theyre free enemies, free villains, where you couldnt do it to a Jew or you cant do it to a black anymore, affirms Sam Keen(Shaheen, 2001, p. 6). The negative image of Arabs in Hollywood productions could also be attributed to what other minorities experienced along the course of forming their cultural awareness and experiences in that Hollywood aims at founding a bad-guy whom exists as battle fuel in movie industry. This is certainly easier for movie makers than attempting to establish other stereotypes in the mentality of the mainstream society.Hollywood audience especially American people have little knowledge about Arabs and Arab-Americans. The main sources of knowledge about Arabs multi-culture are represented for Americans through depictions provided by Hollywood movies and mass media. Convenience of audiences in what is portrayed for them regarding Arabs images may be the most important factor that support the frequent negative productions of Arabs and Arab-Americans. Shaheen believes that convenient stereotypes make it easier for movie producers to create and recreate negative images of Arabs including making good joke of Arabs and inserting a stumbling and bumbling beau or an Arab terrorist. Levesque (2002) states, We all know what they look like from watching movies and TV without any thought required. (Levesque, 2002).Reviewing the state of art may reveal that there is a need to create a balance of stereotypes d epicted by Hollywood however, it is believed that such notion is not insistent or insistence since there is no real action to support or at least to reduce the impacts of what is going on in Hollywood movie industry. According to Cones (1998), Hollywood movies involving Arab characters institute that the U.S. film community portrays Arabs in a stereotypical manner and that little or no effort has been made by Hollywood filmmakers to balance portrayals of Arabs with positive portrayals (Cones, 1998).Historical, Cultural, and Religious background of Muslims, Arabs and Arab-AmericansHollywood industry may have misrepresented most information about Arabs background. It is believed that this industry associate Arabs history with negative attributes such as terrorism and violence which contributes to the process of demonization and dehumanization (Savage, 2002, p. 4). In Fact Hollywood defines the term Arab differently. For example, the word Arab is used to describe any person who is ori ginally from the snapper East countries regardless of their diverse cultures, beliefs and religions El-Farra (1996, p.1). The term limits individuals and countries within a distinct target that is open to stereotypes and bias.However, Shaheen thinks that the term refers to the 265 million people who put down in, and the many more millions around the world who are from the 22 Arab states (Shaheen, 2001, p. 2). Historically speaking, a mixed ethnicity have existed in the Arab world which from 5000 BC to the present. According to Shaheen (2001), The Scots, Greeks, British, French, Romans, English, and others have occupied the area (p. 3).In fact, Arabs have crucially contributed to the development of human civilizations. For example, Shaheen (2001) says that Arabs have developed essential sciences that are considered bases of modern technologies including algebra and the concept of zero, for instance. He adds that many English such as algebra, chemistry and coffee are of Arab roots. Arabs proved to be pioneers in several sciences in the middle age. For example, they created and used astrolabes for navigation, star maps and supernal globes in astronomy. In addition they are the first who used the concept of the center of gravity. Moreover, the water clock is one of their conventions besides inspired the European gothic style in architecture. In Agriculture, the Arabs were the first nation to introduced oranges, dates, sugar and cotton and to use water irrigation nets.According to Shaheen (2001), 70 portion of the population is under the age of 30 (p. 3) who are mostly share common language, cultural heritage, and religion (Islam). That does not mean that there is non-Muslims in the Arab world as it has been thought by some. Shaheen states that Though the vast mass of them are Muslims, about 15 million Arab Christians lay there as well (Shaheen, 2001, p. 3). The same can be claimed regarding the Arab-Americans who reside in the United States. Shaheen claims t hat the majority of the United States Arab-American population is also Christians about 40 percent are Muslim (Shaheen, 2001, p.3).In spite that mass media keeps attempting to show Islam as a religion of terrorism, Muslims are Americas fastest growing religious group, and they include immigrants from more than 60 nations, as well as African-Americans(Shaheen, 2001, p. 4). Hollywood movie industry and other American media prefer to show all Arabs as Muslims. Shaheen thinks that A majority of the worlds 1.1 billion Muslims are Indonesian, Indian, and Malaysian, but only 12 percent of the worlds Muslims are Arabs. Shaheen indicates that Moviemakers ignore this reality Repeatedly, they falsely project all Arabs as Muslims and all Muslims as Arabs. As a result viewers tend to sleeper the same attributes to both peoples (Shaheen, 2001, p. 4).On the other hand, the religion of Islam does not go untarnished. As a result of the representations of stereotypically fanatic Arabs that are bent on destruction, Islam is pretended to be linked with acts of mass destruction and violence. Todays image makers regularly link the Islamic faith with male supremacy, holy war, and acts of terror, depicting Arab Muslims as hostile alien intruders, and as lecherous, oily dudes intent on using nuclear weapons (Shaheen, 2001, p. 9). It is noted that portraying Arabs and Arab-Americans by using such negative characteristics has, similarly, led to presenting Islam to most movie viewers. Shaheen (cited in El-Farra, 1996) says, In an attempt to place Islam in a category that Americans can understand, the media portrays images of Muslims as belonging to a faith of 800 million people, consisting of strange, bearded men, in robes and turbans.According to El-Farra, the distortion of Islam leads audience to think that it is a mysterious religion prone that encourages acts of terrorism, violence, and fanaticism. These themes are maintained by movies industry (El-Farra, ). On the other hand, th e majority of Hollywood movie makers and other mass media ignore basic facts about Islam including its message that calls for equality and peace.In order to show respect and appreciation for Muslim religious leaders, arabs call them as. Shaheen defines the word sheikh literally as a wise elderly person, the head of the family (Shaheen, 2001, p.19). However, it has completely misuded by Hollywood and moviemakers. in the twenties he was a swarthy sheikh, wiggling his eyebrows and chasing the Western heroine around a tiled courtyard. After the 1973 oil crisis producers revitalized the image of the fabulously wealthy and slothful sheikh (Shaheen,2001, p.19). instead of showing sheikhs as wise men or leaders of society, screenwriters often present them as stooges-in-sheets, slovenly, hook-nosed potentates intent on capturing pale-faced blondes for their harems (Shaheen, 2001, p.19). The negative image of the sheikh appeared to shift, by time, to one of excessive violence. Shaheen (2001) says that earlier movies would depict indolent sheikhs lounging on thrones. But, contemporary films present oily, militant, ostentatious sheikhs reclining in Rolls Royces, aspiring to buy up chunks of America ( p. 21). Further, recent images have completely changed portrays of sheikh even from the Arab definition of the term.According to (Shaheen, 2001, p. 21), current movies introduce anti-Christian and anti-Jewish Arabs armed with nuclear weapons, and plenty of oil and cash. In fact these views are always produced in the context of Islam which is showed to justify violence against the West, Israel, and fellow Arabs.Movie makers have not drop arab women from their similar negative considerations. For example, shaheen (2002) notes that Arab women in the Middle East are portrayed mainly as bundles of black cloth, submissive harem maidens or carrying jugs on their heads. He adds that They have no identities whatsoever, and theyre always mute (Shaheen, 2002). Shaheen(2001) believes tha t image makers can make personal and political statements depending on the customes and steryptypes women are presented in. he adds that By covering the reel Arab woman in black and relegating her to silence, the costumer links her to oppression. But throughout the Arab world, women wear a variety of apparel. (Shaheen, 2001, p. 23).Shaheen (2001) states that Arab woman are commonly portrayed with negative roles in Hollywoods movies. For instance, they usually appear with no effective acts wearing black dresses all time. Shaheen (2001) also emphasizes that even they do not have speaking or working roles. Such extreme negative portrays of Arab women in Hollywood images may lead audience to link Islam with negative message of oppression against women rights. The constant negative portrays of women and their ideology of Islam leave strong effect against the social and cultural deportment of Arabs and Muslims as a whole among audience. Therefore, Hollywood ignores the fact that Arab an d Arab-American women can effectively be positive contributors to their society or humanity in general.Economically, Hollywood images keep conscription Arabs as the only owners and suppliers of oil around the world. Thisw results in making audience believe that arabs life is based on only oil fortune without having other economic resource to live on. On the other hand, Hollywood and in large world audience think that OPEC is an Arab organization despite the fact that only seven of the thirteen OPEC members are Arab nations. Moreover, According to El-Farra, 1996), of the five largest oil-producing countries, only one is an Arab nation, Saudi Arabia (p. 2). However, one may not be sure whether people around the world really believe that. For example, an economic editor states that the worlds supplies of oil and price levels are manipulated and controlled by greedy Arabs (El-Farra, p. 2). Such pre-identified ideas may only contribute to continuing negative attitudes toward Arabs and A rab-Americans.Current Events Involving Muslims, Arabs/Arab-AmericansLarge amounts of present worldwide events may also have contributed to drawing peoples attitudes, perceptions and feelings toward Arabs and Arab-Americans. Such events may have also affected Arabs image in Hollywoods eyes. For example, the Arab-Israeli appointment is considered one of the most important factors that is used to feed audiences attitudes toward Arabs. This conflict which extended along more than half a century period and still going on may have provided the American media with a rich source to portray Arabs as extremely aggressive while Israelis who are generally supported by west are barren victims.Kressel (cited in El-Farra, 1996) believes that the American media which be considered the strongest around the world practiced unequal roles in covering the Arab Israeli conflict attempting to put Arab states as powerful ones depending on violence and aggressions in their conflict with Israel who, in tu rn, is portrayed as a small country found in the midst of aggressive large states. Arabs in this image are shown as those who attack Israel which tries its best to preserve democracy, freedom and its people lives.In this sense, Mark Twain (cited in Shaheen, 2001) says, We are all ignorant, just about different things. However, when it comes to the Middle East, many Americans are ignorant about the history and plight of the Palestinian people (Shaheen, 2001, p. 26). Shaheen thinks the repeated negative images about Palestinians which portrayed by Hollywood movie makers and mass media left a myth among audience that all Palestinians are the enemy of humanity, violent and extremely terrorists.Apart from Israeli-Palestinian movies supported by Hollywood, one notes that human dramas show Palestinians as a normal people who is characterized with universal humanistic attributes like all peoples. These incomparable art works with Hollywoods portray Palestinians as innocent victims whereas I sraelis as non-merciful occupiers. One cannot find a Hollywood movie that present reality about Israeli soldiers and settlers who frequently attack Palestinians farms to uproot their olive orchards or threaten Palestinians lives as it appears in some media news. Shaheen (2001) states that there American movies does not show the everyday actual struggle of Palestinian families under the highly pressing occupation, Palestinian refugee camps which are considered the largest in the world, or how Palestinians are exposed to most difficult circumstances in their pursuant to get back to their own home land (Shaheen, 2001, p. 26).Research has indicated that showing Arabs as terrorists repeatedly directs American audiences attitudes to take them as enemies. According to Martin (cited in El-Farra, 1996), the word terrorism was used by the press in describing events and individuals they disapproved of. Yet, when describing these same acts by individuals who are not Arabs, the media was careful to appear neutral and unbiased.On the other hand, Shaheen states that news reports selectively and relentlessly focus on a minority of Arabs, the radical fringe. The seemingly indelible Arab-as-villain image wrongly conveys the message that the vast majority of the 265 million peace-loving Arabs are bad guys (Shaheen, 2001, p. 28).In the 1990s Arabs and Arab-Americans images got worse in American audiences eyes. For example, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which led to the second Gulf War, and the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center lead some Americans to believe that all Arabs are terrorists and that Arabs do not value human life (Shaheen, 2001, p. 29). This, in turn, strengthens the ideology that Arabs are aggressive and real enemies of America. Moreover, public opinion seems to be influenced directly by the way these events were covered in mass media. Therefore, both the intentional negative use of media against Arabs and the dominant prior stereotypical judgments were the main reasons of the continual Arab-bashing according to Shaheen (2001). Further, some movie makers found that such portrays of arabs provide them with rich opportunities to justify their productions. Shaheen remarks that the news programs which are used by some producers and directors resist that they are actually engaged in stereotyping. Shaheen reports their objection literally when they say, Were not stereotyping, just look at your television set, those are real Arabs (Shaheen, 2002, p. 29).It is noted that the baffle use of media has been occurred through a prejudicial way presented during the issue of Okalahoma City Bombing. According to El-Farra (1996), In 1995, within minutes of the event, news reporters were insinuating that the bombing was an act of terrorists. raised with unpopular stereotypes of Arabs, the American public was quick to develop images of Arab terrorists destroying American property (El-Farra, 1996, p.1).Government officials were also quick to point an accusa tory finger at Middle east terrorists.An Arab-American spokesman believes that the American people were so quick to blame Arabs for Oklahomas events as a result of Hollywood movies negative influence upon them. Cones (1998) states that most Americans, including politicians and media leaders, have been affected by Hollywood propaganda.According to El-Farra (1996), even experts of terrorism (e.g. Steven Emerson) do not believe Islamic groups when they denied involvement ( p. 1). Consequently, it was hard for the American public to attribute terrorism to Americans themselves that is why El-Farra (1996) states that terrorism appear in movies mostly points out unconsciously to Arab culture and people. El-Farra (cited in Bazzi, 1995) points to the 1995 report of American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee which indicates that 250% increase in hate crimes against Arabs were from the previous year (pp. 1-2). According to (Cajee, 1995), The Oklahoma Hate and Harassment Report states that a long the period taken to arrest the suspect Timothy McVeigh all people of middle eastern appearance have become suspects in bombing Alfred Murrah Federal Building. Therefore, Muslims and Arabs, in particular, were the most to suffer from the bombings effects. it was also found that manifistations of arabs and American arabs of suffers included widespread guardianship and intimidation, commonplace verbal harassment at school, in public and in the workplace, and a significant number of physical assaults and hate crimes (Cajee, 1995). Cajee (1995) found out that reports of most serious events of hate crimes includeReports that associated Muslims to terror bombings of Oklahoma led some angry Americans to attack an Iraqi young refugees home in Oklahoma City on April 20th and cause loss of her baby.The windows of a mosque and community center in Stillwater, Oklahoma were caused by drive-by shootings on April 19th and 20th.Using knives to attack Arabs in an apartment parking lot or beati ng a student in a supermarket parking lot were only some examples of physical assaults report by students.It was reported by Local Islamic centers and some Arab or Arab-Americans that they were frequently exposed to an onslaught of hate calls.Therefore, Arabs, Arab-Americans, and similar ethnicities were the core subject of foul and violence in a very short period of time as a result of medias aggressive influence against them. Shaheen (2001) states that Though no American of Arab descent was involved, they were instantly targeted as suspects. He adds that Speculative reporting, combined with decades of harmful stereotyping, resulted in more than 300 hate crimes against them (Shaheen, 2001, p.7).Negative stereotypes may impact the perceptions of the public particularly when they are related to their attitudes toward certain races. Moreover, such stereotypes may also affect the way some races feel about their heritage, culture, religion, and self-esteem.Repeatedly over time, movie makers in Hollywood use some images of stock caricatures to focus on. For instance, American Arabs or Muslims are frequently shown as members of isolated communities until audience believe that Muslims are entirely different from other Americans (Shaheen, 2002). Therefore, movies which include true depiction of Arabs and Islamic culture seems to be nonsexist in Hollywood most of the time.In fact, there is a big need for founding new positive images of Arabs and Muslims in American movies and mass media. However, most Arabs and American Arabs believe that they are a subject of astonishment whenever they have to replace audiences negative attitudes towards them by more objective ones.This sociological and psychological dilemma is strongly exist among Arabs and Muslims themselves who live in America. The most affected category in this regard in the children. In order to subjugate embarrassments resulted from the wide influence of media and Hollywood movies upon Arabs, one can easily note how Arabs avoid introducing themselves as Arabs or Muslims. For example, it is noted that they deny their original identities saying literally, Im not Arab, Im Spanish, or Im Italian. Therefore, the widespread of negative attitudes toward Arabs results in killing Arabic heritage and going away feelings of shame among Arabs (Shaheen, 2002).According to Monteith (cited in Paul, 1998), by five years of age, many children have definite stereotypes about blacks, women, and other social groups. He adds, Children do not have a choice about accepting or rejecting these conceptions, since theyre acquired well before they have their own cognitive abilities or experiences to form their own beliefs they mustiness compete with all the forces that would promote and perpetuate these stereotypes peer pressure, mass media (p. 58).In the same sense, at a time Arab youth learn negative stereotypes of Hollywood movies, arab children would find it hard to go long with this image as long as they ha ve their own Arabic heritage. According to Shaheen (2001), the persistent images of Arabs in media and movies contributes, to great degree, in shaping their perceptions towards themselves and

Illiteracy in America Essay -- Education Reading Writing Essays

analphabetism in AmericaWalking into a class room panoptic of seniors, one might not suspect that some of the students can not read above a third grade reading level (Mcmaster). In fact one million teenagers from the ages of 12 and 17 do not have the reading ability of a third grader. Literacy among American people is pregnant because it affects our economy greatly. Not only that but it also affects the lives of the American population. Illiteracy is a large problem within the United States that can be pretty solved using different tactics. Illiteracy is detrimental to any society. First people mustiness know what it is before the problem can be fixed. Illiteracy can be defined as the inability to read or write. Lately illiteracy has been moved up to the ability to comprehend what one reads or writes. There are 40 to 44 million adults alone in the United States that do not have the ability to comprehend words that they are reading. This is an enormous problem that ca n lead to even more devastating effects. Another step before solving the problem is that one must also know the roots of it. One of the many sources of illiteracy is right in the home. Many parents do not take the time to read to their children when they are at an proterozoic age. This introduces them to phonics and reading. It has been proven that children who have had their parents read to them have been known to have higher literary abilities (Sachwitz). Children who start learning about reading at an early age have a head start when they begin to have formal education. This leads to better acceptance of received material which in turn helps for a much better education. Another problem was a program inserted into the schooling system called the Who... ...r America to live in. Literacy is a catastrophic problem around the world. With the learning age coming in at blazing speeds, literacy is needed among every one in the nation. To solve literacys problems must effectiv ely the United States must go the roots of where illiteracy begins. When this starts to happen nation wide, all able will be able to have the ability to read. How else would a nation digest in a literate world with out being literate itself?Works CitedMcmaster, Scott. Illiteracy. http//bvsd.k12.co.us/schools/cent/Newspaper/dec97/p7/stories/mcmaster.html. December 1997Roberts, Larry. Illiteracy on the facelift in America. http//www.wsws.org/news/1998/oct1998 /ill-o14.shtml. October 1998.Sachwitz, Jennifer. Illiteracy in America Past, Present, and Future. http//www.uah.edu/colleges/liberal/education/S1998/jen.html. 1998

It Has Been Two Years :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Matt,It has been three old age since I have last held you in my arms. It is not fair how our years together feel so short lived, yet our time apart feels so long. Thank you for viewing me how to number our old age.The first time I forever laid my eyes on you, I was captured. It was not the way you introduced yourself or the way you shook my hand, but the look in your eyes that captured my heart. Thank you for showing me that love at first sight isnt just a fairy tale.I was convinced that you were something special. I felt it with every beat of my heart and glimmering that I breathed. Little did I know how right I was. As time went on we developed a friendship that I fancy could only develop over years of knowing one another. Thank you for showing me that friendship cannot be measured by the amount of time spent in one and anothers life.You gave me that chance where I was yours and you were mine. In that single moment all my dreams had come full-strength. Thank you for hel ping me realize that dreams really do come true in real life and not just in books.We had so many wonderful times together. Some of our days were filled with adventure. In those days you brought out a side in me I never thought existed. Thank you for showing me that I too could be daring and adventurous.Then in that respect were days filled with quiet moments. Those days are the ones Ive cherished the most. Because, I would think for hours on end about happiness that I never thought that could exist between me and another person. Thank you for showing my happiness.We also had our hard days. There were fights that could have rattled the deepest depths of the ocean. We always recovered. Thank you for showing me how to forgive.

Foreshadowing, Mood, Mythical Parallels, and Narrative Elements in Drac

Foreshadowing, Mood, Mythical Parallels, and Narrative Elements in genus Dracula In the novel Dracula, by Bram Stoker, there is much evidence of foreshadowing and parallels to other myths. Dracula was not the first story featuring a vampire myth, nor was it the last. Some would even argue that it was not the best. However, it was the most original, using foreshadowing and mood to create direful imagery, mythical parallels to draw upon a source of credulity, and original narrative elements that make this story unique. Anyone who has ever seen one of the several adaptations of Dracula as a characterisation will know that it was intended to be a horror story. Stoker goes to great lengths in order to create an atmosphere of terror and villainy, while hinting at exciting things to come. Straight from the beginning of the book, foreshadowing is utilized to hint at horrifying future events. As Jonathan Harker was about to depart for Castle Dracula, an old dame accosted him and said, It is the eve of St. Georges Day. Do you not know that to-night when the clock strikes midnight, all the evil things in the world will have full sway? (Stoker, 4). However Harker leaves anyway, in spite of the warning. Thus the reader is fully aware that something awful is going to happen to him. This quote makes ones mind think of possible future events, thus creating imagery. Every author aspires to create good imagery, and Bram Stoker is particularly good at doing so. Another example of foreshadowing unfolds when Harker is being transported to Castle Dracula by the mysterious and tenebrific driver. Then, as we flew along, the driver leaned forward, and on each side the passengers, craning over the edg... ...are depicted in many instances in order to draw upon a source of superstition for added affirmation. Finally, original narrative elements are conceived in order to bring together a central theme of unity, which stresses the teamwork by which the protagonists defeated the vampires. Bram Stoker applies these elements to create an enriching, induce plot in the novel Dracula. Works Cited Birge, Barbara. Bram Stokers DRACULA The Quest for Female Potency in Transgressive Relationships. Psychological Perspectives. 1994. 22-36. Gutjahr, Paul. Stokers Dracula-Criticism and Interpretation. Explicator. put across 1993. 36-40. Holland, Tom. A Sure Fang. New Statesman. Feb. 19, 2001. 40-42. Keats, P. Stokers Dracula. Explicator. Fall 1991. 26-29. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Tom Doherty Associates New York, 1988.